It is impossible to imagine agricultural work without a tractor. This type of technology has become firmly established in our lives. But buying it is more than expensive. It’s a very real task to create a tractor with your own hands at home, because it will be no worse than a store-bought design.
Homemade tractor
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Here is an interesting topic that you probably know, but I haven’t had it on my blog yet. Although we have already discussed electric cars in the USSR
and even
the First electric car in Russia
, but I see this miracle of engineering of that time for the first time.
In the late 40s, the USSR developed the design of electric tractors. The unique tractor was designed at the All-Union Institute of Agricultural Electrification by Doctor of Technical Sciences P. N. Listov and engineer V. G. Stetsenko.
Photo 2.
The first electric tractor was created on the basis of the tracked SKHTZ-NATI, the old internal combustion engine of which was replaced with an electric motor with a power of 38 kW, with a voltage of 1000 Volts of three-phase alternating current. A drum with a flexible cable was installed on the tractor frame. The electric motor and cable drum were protected by a streamlined hood.
Photo 3.
The cable was connected to a field power station or a mobile transformer substation connected to a high-voltage network, and during operation it was wound and unwound by a special mechanism with a guide boom. The substation was connected directly to the high-voltage wires via a current collection mast. The length of the cable including the boom is up to 750 meters. Without moving the substation, the tractor could cultivate 15-60 hectares of land, and with the use of an additional cable trolley - over 200 hectares. The tractor was serviced by one tractor driver
Photo 4.
Due to the lack of cheap oil, it was decided to accelerate the electrification of collective farms. Cables were brought into the fields to power the new tractors. Numerous hydroelectric power stations were built on rivers. In Ryazan alone, for this large-scale project, the Kuzminskaya HPP, Rassypukhinskaya HPP, Dankovskaya HPP, Novo-Nikolskaya HPP were built in a short time...
Photo 5.
Photo 6.
Photo 7.
Photo 8.
Photo 9.
The main disadvantages of the electric tractor were the high initial price and rapid wear of the power cable. In addition, the tractor could not move independently beyond the reach of networks or transport a substation along a power line - this required the joint operation of at least two electric tractors or towing with a conventional tractor.
However, with the discovery of large oil fields in Kazakhstan, all development of new electric tractors was curtailed.
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How to make a battery with your own hands
A chemical current source (two-terminal network), capable of being restored after a discharge, can be made with your own hands. Any chemical current source that has a periodic operating mode (discharge - charge) consists of the following main elements:
- electrodes: anode and cathode;
- electrolyte;
- separation plates (separators);
- frame;
- contact terminals (terminals).
Various pairs of chemical elements are used as anode and cathode. The anode has a negative charge - a reducing agent, the cathode has a positive charge - an oxidizing agent.
Both electrodes are immersed in electrolyte. These are aqueous solutions of salts and acids that conduct electricity. When a battery (two-terminal network) is discharged to a load, the anode oxidizes and produces electrons, which move through the electrolyte to the cathode. The process of reduction of the oxidizing agent occurs at the cathode.
Important! When operating on a load, the current through a two-terminal network flows from minus to plus, when charging from an external current source (IT) - from plus to minus.
To create one can of a simple battery made of copper and zinc, you will need the following parts:
- copper wire 100 mm long;
- galvanized plate measuring 25 * 50 mm;
- gasket - a strip cut from mosquito polyethylene mesh;
- electrolyte – saline solution;
- body made of opaque material - an airtight coffee cup with a lid.
The battery container must be opaque.
The element is assembled in the following sequence:
- the copper wire is twisted into a spiral; to increase the working surface area, a tap is soldered to the upper end;
- the galvanized plate is also twisted around the circumference, and a tap is soldered to the top of the plate;
- two holes are made in the lid of the jar for the leads: in the center - for the copper wire and closer to the edge - for the lead of the zinc electrode;
- the copper spiral is placed in the center, a zinc tube is placed around it, and an insulating gasket is inserted between them;
- add electrolyte: salt water (1 liter of water per 5 tablespoons of salt) or 15% vinegar;
- loosely cover the lid, having first inserted the leads into it.
A current source is connected to the resulting jar to charge the homemade battery. Do not close the lid tightly. Or, to allow gases to escape during charging, many small holes are made in it (except for the holes for the leads). For a homemade element, the plus is on the copper electrode, the minus is on the zinc electrode.
Attention! The smaller the distance between the copper and zinc elements, and the larger the surface area of the electrodes, the greater the voltage such a battery cell will produce.
Ideally, such an element produces 0.7 volts. The disadvantage of such a battery is its high internal resistance and rapid self-discharge.
Calculation and selection of an electric motor for a mini electric tractor
The calculation of the required engine power to operate the tractor was given in Chapter 5. Having calculated the amount of power required, it is necessary to select an electric motor. First, a motor is selected based on power, taking into account that installing a motor with more power than required leads to a decrease in efficiency, and in AC installations it worsens the power factor, which in turn affects the unproductive load of the converter device and the distribution network. In addition to power, the engine is selected by design, i.e. by degree of protection (protected, closed, explosion-proof), by cooling method (self-ventilating, with natural cooling, with independent or forced ventilation), by climatic design.
The engine is the heart of the unit
It is the engine that is the main component of any equipment. Basically, craftsmen take classic engines from VAZ 2101 - 2107. And all because they are ideal in terms of parameters, the main ones being:
- availability;
- price;
- traction indicators;
- light weight;
- budget repairs and maintenance.
The motor is an important component of the tractor.
Ideally, just one classic VAZ car will become a real donor for your homemade tractor, because the main part of the parts can be borrowed from there.
The motor, together with the gearbox and clutch, acts as a single unit; they are attached together. Such a pleasant nuance will facilitate the process of assembling a homemade product. It is important to place the fan impeller on the pump shaft. This is a mandatory condition (regardless of the design), because the tractor will operate in the same mode as a car feels in a traffic jam - the speed is low, but the load is considerable. So the radiator will have to be forced to blow.
Characteristics of the electric tractor
The electric drive of such a unit is easily adjustable.
An electric tractor most often has a power of 35 horsepower. In order to fully charge the batteries, it will take 2–4 hours from a charger and up to 10 hours from a 220 V power supply. Such a unit can be in operation for about 8 hours, but if it is equipped with additional equipment, its activity will only last for 4 hours . Most often, such equipment is equipped with a reversible manual transmission, which has 8 forward speeds and 6 reverse ones. In addition, operating costs are much lower than those of a diesel unit. The tractor's electric speed reaches up to 40 km/h.
It is worth noting that many craftsmen are trying to make electric tractors with their own hands. Of course, for this, first of all, you need to have a clear diagram of the future mechanism. It is also worth having a good understanding of mechanics and electronics.
The range of work of such equipment is quite diverse and is not inferior in quality to diesel models. It can easily cope not only with various soil cultivation, but will also become a good assistant when transporting goods. This technique will find application in both the public utilities sector and construction.
Electric tractor HTZ "Edison"
Among the most popular models of such units, it is worth noting the Ukrainian-made version of KhTZ “Edison”.
It has a power of 40 hp. s., has rear-wheel drive and 24 kW batteries. KhTZ Edison was developed jointly with the serial KhTZ-3512 and today has no analogues in the world.
To fully charge the batteries, it takes from 2 to 4 hours from a charger and from 8 to 10 hours from a 220 V power supply. In driving mode, the Edison electric tractor can operate for up to 8 hours; if the traction unit is used by additional loads, the battery charge will last up to 4 hours of work.
All about the gearbox
The ideal option is to use a ready-made installation from a car. This way you are guaranteed to get at least 4 forward gears and 1 reverse gear. All you have to do is adjust the appropriate speed between engine speed and speed. The transfer case (found in any car with all-wheel drive) will help solve this. UAZ is best suited.
The shafts can be connected using an elastic coupling, which is located on the UAZ transmission on the output shaft. And if you make a flange to the box, then it is not necessary to install an intermediate cardan. But there must be a cardan from the transfer case to the drive axle, because the coupling cannot withstand higher loads.
The UAZ drive axle is an ideal option because it has gearboxes on board. Thanks to this, traction and ground clearance will increase, which should be at least 45 cm. The track of the vehicle can be adjusted by cutting the bridge stockings or using spacers.
