Chemical composition
| Standard | C | S | P | Mn | Cr | Si | Ni | Fe | Cu | V | Mo |
| GOST 398-96 | 0.57-0.65 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.035 | 0.6-0.9 | — | 0.22-0.45 | — | Remainder | — | ≤0.15 | — |
| GOST 5257-98 | 0.57-0.67 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.035 | 0.5-0.9 | — | 0.2-0.45 | — | Remainder | — | — | — |
| GOST 398-2010 | 0.57-0.67 | ≤0.02 | ≤0.03 | 0.6-0.9 | ≤0.2 | 0.22-0.45 | ≤0.25 | Remainder | ≤0.3 | ≤0.15 | ≤0.08 |
Fe is the basis. According to GOST 398-96, the allowed content of molybdenum is not more than 0.08%, nickel is not more than 0.25%, chromium is not more than 0.20%, copper is not more than 0.30%. The total content of sulfur and phosphorus should be no more than 0.065%. In finished bandages, maximum deviations in chemical composition are allowed in accordance with the requirements of GOST 380. According to GOST 5257-98, nickel content is allowed no more than 0.30%, chromium no more than 0.25%, copper no more than 0.30%. According to GOST 398-2010, the total proportion of sulfur and phosphorus in steel should not exceed 0.040%. In bandages, maximum deviations of the chemical composition are allowed: for carbon +0.030/-0.020, for manganese +0.050/-0.030, for silicon +0.030/-0.020, for chromium +0.020, for vanadium +0.010%, for phosphorus +0.0050% , for sulfur +0.0050%. The mass fraction of hydrogen in liquid steel should not exceed 0.00020%.
From the history of the creation of the alloy
D2 steel is a relatively new alloy. It was developed a little more than half a century ago in the USA using the electroslag remelting method, which improved the quality of the resulting alloy. With its help, phosphorus and sulfur are removed from the composition, which, according to the developers, are the most harmful. Their increased content often leads to defects and a decrease in the quality of steel.
In America, the alloy was used to make industrial cutting tools and knives.
Later, in Japan, Sweden and Germany, alloys of similar composition were developed, which in their properties are not inferior to the original sample, and in some respects even surpass it. The characteristics of D2 steel and similar ones developed in other countries differ slightly, mainly in the percentage of carbon content.
The Russian analogue of D2 is X12MF steel. The composition of the alloys is similar; differences in properties depend only on the proportions of components used in the alloys and the characteristics of heat treatment.
Currently, the alloy is used for the production of knives and edged weapon blades.
Mechanical characteristics
| Section, mm | σB, MPa | d5, % | y, % | kJ/m2, kJ/m2 | Brinell hardness, MPa |
| Bandages according to GOST 398-96, GOST 398-2010. Quenching with separate heating + Tempering | |||||
| 930-1110 | ≥10 | ≥14 | ≥2450 | 269-321 | |
| Bandages according to GOST 5257-98. Quenching with separate heating + Tempering | |||||
| ≥900 | ≥10 | ≥14 | — | ≥250 | |
Advantages and disadvantages
D2 steel used for making knives has its pros and cons. Among the positive properties note:
- high level of hardness, allowing you to keep the blade sharp for a long time without sharpening;
- the composition of the alloy gives high anti-corrosion properties, although D2 steel for knives is classified as semi-stainless;
- excellent resistance to corrosion processes among all carbon steels;
- perfectly keeps the edge of a knife or blade sharpened;
- a cutting tool made of this alloy can withstand strong impacts and can be used by hunters to chop animal bones or by tourists to cut and process tree branches.
In addition, high-quality products have a low cost, which makes them even more attractive.
Basically, such knives are intended for hunters, fishermen, and tourists who appreciate the advantages of the D2 steel grade, but can be used in everyday life: D2 is used to produce high-quality kitchen knives. Handmade hunting knives, including those made by Kizlyar craftsmen from D2 steel, can be purchased in our online store.
Like any other, the alloy is not ideal, so D2 steel has its disadvantages and drawbacks; there are not many of them.
- Although not completely stainless, a knife made from this alloy requires at least minimal care to maintain the best qualities of the product.
- It is very difficult to sharpen it in field conditions, without the use of special materials and devices.
In addition, it is worth knowing that the surface of the alloy does not lend itself to final polishing of the blade, so it is almost impossible to find a sparkling, absolutely smooth blade made of D2 steel: its surface will be matte.
!['Knife made of steel D2 Kizlyar Supreme](https://santehekonomservis.ru/wp-content/uploads/nozh-iz-stali-d2-kizlyar-suprim-legion-title-ohotnichij-nozh.jpg "Hunting knife "Legion" width="650" height="650" /> Variety of products from D2 A wide range of different knives are produced from D2 tool steel. Among them: folding - for universal purposes, including in gift wrapping; neck ones, with the help of which you can skin an animal killed during a hunt and carefully remove its skin; tourist, with a fixed blade and a wide range of applications; cutting machines, which will help cut the animal carcass into pieces and chop the bones. High-quality knives made of D2 steel can be purchased in the online store KavkazSuveninr Ali Askerov, among them: hunting, tourist, folding. Our website also presents tactical survival knives made by the best Kizlyar craftsmen, including products made from D2 steel. Also in our online store there are many handmade knives for various purposes. All of them are characterized by high accuracy and compliance with the required product parameters, aesthetics, and the use of natural materials for decoration. Domestic knife manufacturers are increasingly using modern and high-quality alloys in the production of knives, and among them, D2 steel (D2), which has gained wide popularity. Additional options In addition to the central structural elements - the rod, tip and handle - screwdrivers from some manufacturers are equipped with additional features that make their everyday use a little more convenient or add new functions to the tool. <b>Hole in the handle. Refers to options that increase the comfort of use. A screwdriver with it can be hung on a tool stand or simply on a nail in the wall. Hole in Dexell screwdriver handle <b>Slot for power rotation. Adds a new degree of freedom to the screwdriver. You can attach a wrench to the slot and multiply the force applied to the fastener. As a rule, power screwdrivers have a similar slot. LUX screwdriver slot Dexter screwdriver slot <b>Hammer head. An additional steel platform on the back of the handle allows the use of a hammer. Of course, you shouldn’t drive screws using the “screwdriver-hammer” system, but driving the tip more tightly into the internal profile of a rusty screw is what you need. Jonnesway screwdriver striker In some cases, when there is no special concern for the tool, a screwdriver with a hammer head can be used as a drift, a punch, or even a chisel for stone. Screwdriver design The main parts of a screwdriver are the shaft and the handle. In turn, the rod has a working area - a tip with a slot, and the handle consists of a base material, an additional layer or lining and options, such as a hole and a hammer head. All these parts and materials together affect the quality of the screwdriver, its performance and durability. Screwdriver slot The most common types of screwdrivers are available with the following slots: straight spline SL Phillips or Pozidriv hexagonal Torx slot Splines are offered in a wide range of sizes, as they say, to fit any tricky screw. Of course, the variety of splines is much wider. But other types of slots in the form factor of a classic screwdriver are critically rarer. The choice of slot depends on what tasks you plan to solve with a screwdriver. Rules of care There are several rules: The metal surface after heat treatment is black. A layer of oxides is formed, which protects the tool from corrosion. You cannot remove blackening with grinding wheels “for beauty”. Only the working edge of the blade should shine after sharpening. Before long-term storage, the head is lubricated with oil. Experienced carpenters do not recommend using machine lubricants for this purpose. They use castor, linseed or vaseline oil. After lubrication, wipe the head - a thin film is enough to protect against rust. The tool should not lie on the ground, on a concrete floor or stand near a wall for a long time. The geometry of the ax is disrupted. That's why they hang him up. The wooden part is impregnated with oil so that the wood does not dry out. How to sharpen an ax correctly In production, cutting edge geometry is developed using a grinder. This is a belt sander. On an abrasive of this shape, a convex cutting edge is more easily formed. While working with an axe, it is enough to regularly adjust the cutting edge with a fine abrasive stone. The angle specified during sharpening in production is not violated. For universal axes, the sharpening angle is 20-30 degrees, for carpentry tools - 35 degrees. The steel is hard enough to hold an edge for a long time. If you need to restore the cutting edge and eliminate chips, use an electric sharpener. A grinder is not suitable for this purpose. It is very important to maintain the sharpening angle. They operate at low speeds to avoid beating of the blade and strong heating of the metal. As the temperature rises, the structure of the hardened steel changes and the blade loses its hardness. To cool, add water or take breaks from work. Ax sharpening technology. Screwdriver tip The main working part of a screwdriver is its tip. It is also sometimes called “sting”. To ensure that the tool lasts a long time and does not cause trouble, when choosing a screwdriver, take a closer look at the tip. Processing quality First of all, you should visually examine the quality of metal processing on the tip. Edges and surfaces must be carefully milled and sanded. There should be no burrs or scuffs. LUX power screwdriver bits The protective layer of black paint must be intact. If the paint is worn or missing at all, then most likely the screwdriver has already been used, and it is not new. If you know in advance which slotted screwdriver you are going to buy, take a sample of fasteners with you to the store. A well-processed tip should fit tightly and without play into the internal profile of screws and screws. <i>The tightness of the tip of the Jonnesway Full Star PH2 screwdriver to the screw slots</i> Hardening Of course, it will not be possible to check the degree of hardening of the tip by eye. You will have to rely on the honesty of sellers and the frankness of manufacturers. But it’s still worth asking how hard the tip is hardened. The best examples of screwdrivers can boast tips hardened to 52-58 HRC. Magnetization But magnetization, unlike hardening, can be easily checked on site. It is enough to attach a screw, nut or screw to the tip. A good-quality screwdriver has a tip that confidently holds even a large screw. With a magnetized tip, working with fasteners will be much easier in the future. A magnetized screw will not come off the screwdriver if you are driving it in a hard-to-reach place. Price Knives made of D2 steel are produced by both domestic and foreign manufacturers. The products are low in cost. This is due to the fact that all the components that are used to produce this grade of steel are available and cheap. The average price for a knife is 2,500 rubles. Due to their low price and excellent characteristics, knives made from D2 steel are popular among buyers, especially among hunters and tourists. Sources https://VashNozh.ru/stal/d2 https://svarkaipayka.ru/material/stal/tehnicheskie-harakteristiki-legirovannoy-stali-d2.html https://damask-steel.ru/page/d2-plyusy-i-minusy-harakteristiki-otzyvy/ https://www.nozhikov.ru/blogs/stati/stal-d2-kak-material-dlya-izgotovleniya-klinkovogo-oruzhiya https://kavkazsuvenir.ru/blog/stal-d2-dlya-nozhey https://posuda-gid.ru/nozhi/stal/35-d2-plyusy-i-minusy https://knifehacker.ru/stal-d2/ https://top-nozhej.ru/bez-rubriki/stal-d2-dlja-nozhej-harakteristiki-pljusy-i-minusy/ Screwdriver handle The handle of a screwdriver is no less important than the shaft. When selecting a tool, you should study the profile of the handle, the base material, whether there are linings or additional coating. And also the ability of the handle to withstand the caustic effects of petrochemicals. Cross profile of the handle The shapes of handles are now limited only by the imagination of designers and industrial designers. And there is no need to advise which one to choose, since there are too many options. But there is one parameter that must be studied before purchasing. This is a cross profile. It directly affects not so much the comfort of work as the amount of torque that can be transmitted through a screwdriver to the fastener. The three main types of handle profiles are round, triangular and hexagonal. Round profile Round profile Matrix screwdriver In cross section, the handle is a circle. This form is convenient to manufacture - injection molds are easy to produce. However, in terms of torque, this is the weakest version of the handle. There is nothing for the palm to securely grab onto. Yes, and slippage is more than likely. Triangular profile Ombra Basic triangular screwdriver profile A triangle at the base of the handle is the best option in terms of torque. The triangular profile follows the anatomical shape of a clenched palm and allows maximum force to be transferred to the fastener. Hexagonal profile Jonnesway Full Star Hexagonal Screwdriver Profile The hexagonal profile of the handle has the second highest quality of torque transmission to the fastener. It is better than the round one, but inferior to the triangular one due to less compliance with the anatomy of the hand. Hexagonal handles are particularly popular in America, where this form of screwdriver is considered a classic. Base material Modern screwdriver handles are made from various types of plastic and thermoplastic rubber. Gone are the days of wooden handles or all-steel handles. The most widespread are solid one-component and two-component handles. Impact-resistant types of plastic are used as the basis for both. Often, for a decorative effect, two-component handles are made of transparent plastic. Swiss Tools PB195 single-component screwdriver handle In two-component handles, opaque plastics are often used as a base. Transparency/opacity of the plastic base of the handle does not affect performance characteristics. Overlays or additional covering If in one-component handles there are no other materials besides the base, then in two-component handles there is a second surface material or lining. This material simultaneously increases friction between the hand and the screwdriver and acts as a shock absorber. The handle of the Jonnesway Anti-slip Grip screwdriver is coated with Santoprene on top The anti-friction coating can either cover almost the entire area of the screwdriver or take the form of separate linings in the planes most loaded with friction. In Ombra Basic, rubber pads resemble wings The best option would be thermoplastic linings. With a similar coefficient of friction, they absorb shock vibrations better than conventional rubber. This means that your hand will get less tired with them. Protection against corrosion by petrochemicals This parameter is important for those who are going to actively use a screwdriver in the garage. It's full of various petrochemicals - gasoline, motor oils, brake fluid. All this is quite caustic and can have a detrimental effect on the handle. The high-quality handle is made of materials that can withstand exposure to petroleum products. Plastic, thermoplastic rubber of the linings - all this should survive even if you drop a screwdriver into a bucket of gasoline. It will be difficult to check the durability of materials at the store counter. Therefore, at a minimum, the seller needs. Experienced dealers know which screwdrivers are neutral to fuels and lubricants, and will always tell you where to choose. Types of axes Based on the shape of the head and ax head, axes are divided into universal and special. The universal ones include: Economic. A small ax with an almost symmetrical head. Army and tourist. Lightweight tools, the head and ax handle are often made from one piece of metal. Plotnitsky. Differs in sharpening angle for easy removal from dense wood. Russian. Can be used for woodworking and as a throwing weapon <strong>Special axes are used to perform a certain type of work.</strong> <strong>Examples:</strong> A splitting splitter for splitting sawn logs along the grain. The head is massive and hardly sharpens. Myasnitsky with a short ax and a wide head. Lumberjack's axe. It has the longest ax handle, which increases the impact force. Firefighter. All-metal with a spike on the butt and heat-protective linings on the axe. Roofing. The butt has the shape of a hammer. Adze. Designed to remove layers of wood. Main types of axes. Technical features of D2 steel There are five characteristics to evaluate an alloy: <strong>Hardness</strong> It has a high rating - up to 64 HRC according to Rockwell. <strong>Rigidity.</strong> It is durable, but is not rigid enough, which leads to inconvenience when sharpening products. <strong>Wear resistance</strong> to abrasive effects. Due to its hardness, this alloy has a high indicator. <strong>Corrosion resistance.</strong> This type of steel is not stainless because it does not contain enough chromium, but it resists rust. Corrosion resistance is rated as average. <strong>Protection of edges from rubble.</strong> During operation, the blade of a D2 product can maintain its sharpness for a long time.")
