Method for extracting tin by electrolysis from an alkaline electrolyte Soviet patent 1984 according to IPC C25C1/14 

Where is tin mined in Russia?

According to Dalnedra, in the territory of Yakutia, Primorye and the Khabarovsk Territory and Chukotka there are about 95% of proven reserves of Russian tin

. The largest facilities with reserves of more than 100 thousand tons are located in Eastern Yakutia, Chukotka and Khabarovsk Territory.

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Briefly about malleable tin

Tin metal has such a crystal structure that when it is bent, the metal crystals crunch as a result of friction against each other. This crunch is a distinctive feature of pure tin from its alloys, which do not produce sounds when bent.

It is possible to apply various decorative coatings based on tin or any alloy made from it at home. In this case, the question may arise, how to make tin yourself? It is extracted using electrochemical etching methods using an electrolyte solution, which you will need to make yourself, using pure tin and its salts.

Craftsmen can obtain tin at home in the following ways:

• Use chemical reactions to produce tin oxide and then melt it in a crucible. As a result, pure tin will be released.
• Obtain tin chloride, and then use electrolysis of cans with an electrolyte based on the existing chloride to isolate tin.

Tin for soldering and tinning works

Tin is one of the oldest metals used by man. As the chemical encyclopedia indicates, this metal was known as early as 6000 BC. tin in the earth's crust is 8×10-3%.

The main natural minerals are tin stone and tin pyrite. The first is called cassiterite. The name of the second type of ore - stannin - is based on the name of the chemical element itself (stannum).

Due to the popularity of the method of using metal for soldering, the need to produce a variety of tin solder, and to isolate pure metal for tinning, the development of ores has acquired an industrial scale.

Metal Features

There are 10 stable isotopes of tin constantly present in nature. This is a large number. For other chemical elements, the number of stable isotopes is incomparably smaller. Iron atoms, for example, have 4 isotopes.

Let us recall that isotopes are varieties of atoms that have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, and therefore different atomic masses. The properties of isotopes are similar, however, they have some differences.

Tin is a soft metal with a light silver color, which has ductility, malleability, and properties convenient for soldering.

It has several crystal modifications (cubic, tetragonal and rhombic):

1. The first form is designated by the letter α and is called gray tin. The maximum temperature of existence is 14 ℃, above which the process of transformation into the next form occurs.
2. The second form is designated by the letter β and is called white tin. The maximum temperature of existence is 173 ℃, above which the process of transformation into the last form occurs.
3. The third form is designated by the letter γ, has a melting point of almost 232 ℃.

As the temperature decreases, all transformations are slowly carried out in reverse order.

Application for solders

Tin in its pure form could theoretically be used for soldering due to its good wetting ability and electrical conductivity. However, as the temperature drops, there is a high probability of a transition from one form of metal to another, which is brittle and unstable.

As a result, soldering will result in the formation of a short-lived connection. Pure tin solders are not used in practice.

The addition of other components significantly increases the possibility of obtaining durable seams.

Tin-lead alloys are widely used, suitable for soldering various parts. Many of the solders are marked with PIC indicating the percentage of tin. If the composition includes bismuth, an additional letter B appears in the letter combination.

There are known proprietary soldering compounds containing tin, lead, bismuth, and sometimes other additives in various proportions. Examples are the alloys Wood, D, Arce, Rose.

The group of tin compounds with lead is suitable for tinning and soldering of copper, copper and steel alloys. All of them have low melting points, are convenient for working with a regular soldering iron, and are always available for sale.

If you suddenly need to carry out soldering urgently, but there is no solder on hand, you can use a soldering iron to remove the connection from old unnecessary electrical appliances. The mass will serve you effectively once again.

Mixtures containing cadmium, aluminum, zinc, and bismuth are used for soldering aluminum products and parts made of non-ferrous alloys. The formation of strong seams is facilitated by the introduction of alloying components.

Lead and lead-free alloys

The environmental community is alarmed by information about the variety of applications for solders containing toxic metals.

Explanatory work is being carried out about the dangers of prolonged contact with lead, cadmium, and bismuth during soldering. Alternative solder alloys are being developed and put into practice, in which harmful chemical elements have been replaced with safe ones.

Among lead-free solders, tin and copper alloys cover the largest range of applications for soldering. The eutectic mixture ensures the formation of strong seams on different materials, in accordance with the properties of which the proportion of components in the consumable material is selected. Tin-copper solders have affordable prices and are environmentally safe.

Soldering using tin-silver alloys gives excellent results. The seam is strong and heat-resistant.

The material is non-toxic. It can be used even when soldering drinking water supply systems. The qualities of the consumable material allow it to be used for production needs, but desire is limited by cost. The silver component significantly increases the price.

The alloy of tin and gallium has the minimum melting temperature. Soldering with it can be carried out at 20 ℃. For such work, the usual soldering equipment is not required.

However, gallium is an expensive metal. The scope of its use in soldering is limited by the feasibility of increased financial costs.

Immersion coatings

Soldering on printed circuit boards is carried out after surface preparation, which can be done in different ways.

A high-quality result is ensured by immersion - the application of a thin layer of metal from a solution of its salts.

The board is immersed in a solution that must contain a component with a lower electronegativity than the base material.

Immersion is an effective method of applying a thin layer of tin to the surface of the board, allowing subsequent soldering to proceed safely.

The coating thickness does not exceed 1 micron. The method has disadvantages, which include the possibility of the formation of intermetallic inclusions and microscopic whiskers.

In order not to worsen the conditions for subsequent soldering, large tin crystals are precipitated. Another option to avoid trouble is to apply a thin layer of organometallic substances before deposition of tin. The measures taken allow soldering to be carried out successfully.

An immersion coating is formed by placing the board in a tin chloride solution. The process can be stimulated by introducing small amounts of complexing agents, for example, thiourea, into the aqueous solution.

Soldering should be carried out no later than 2 weeks after immersion. Otherwise, the intermetallic compounds formed will not allow the work to be carried out successfully.

The addition of bismuth salts to the solution can make soldering easier. As a result, the immersion layer will contain tin and bismuth. The surface of the board can be treated with preservative varnish.

Subsequent soldering can be carried out directly on the varnished layer. If special circumstances arise that require very critical soldering, the varnish layer can be easily removed with alcohol.

Tinning

It is known that many metals are easily oxidized. Being on the surface in contact with air in the presence of moisture, they turn into oxides, then hydroxides, and are gradually destroyed.

Even in ancient times, they learned to protect metal products by applying coatings of resistant metals. For tinning, tin and its alloys were in most cases used and are still used today.

Previously, boilers and cooking utensils were tinned. Nowadays, many ceramic-metal composites that do not rust are used to make kitchen utensils. There are almost no tinned boilers and pans on the market.

Cans are permanently coated with a layer of tin alloys. Otherwise, instead of canned food, consumers would see a rusty mass. Tin protective coatings are used in radio electronics. Soldering products on such a surface is easy.

Where can I get lead?

We'll list the main sources where you can get lead, so you can choose the one that suits you best.

• From the battery Failed power supplies have a large supply of non-ferrous metal. ...
• Cable scrap...
• Fishing sinker...
• Car wheel …
• Other metal sources

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How to use solder for soldering?

The best solder for soldering metals is pure tin. But in practice, an alloy is used in which tin is the base and lead is added. Similar solders can be found on sale, and there are many brands. If desired, you can make it yourself if all the necessary ingredients are available. Tin and lead solder is designated by three letters - POS, followed by a number. The most popular brands are POS-60 and POS-40. The numbers are the percentage of lead in the mixture. Such solders are used for soldering both brass and radioelements and copper wires.

Hard soldering diagram.

What happens if there is an excess of tin?

When more than 3 grams of a microelement accumulates in the body, anemia can begin, liver and respiratory tract diseases develop, and a disorder of the nervous system occurs. Most often, an excess of tin leads to the development of stannosis - a severe cough, which is accompanied by frequent shortness of breath and sputum.

Symptoms of tin poisoning:

• the appearance of a metallic taste on the tongue

• frequent dizziness and migraines

• ulcer development

• inflammation of the skin

• pale skin, even blue

• visual impairment

• liver enlargement several times

• frequent stomach pain

• disturbances in the functioning of the stomach: diarrhea, vomiting

• loss of appetite

• fast weight loss

• protein metabolism disorder

• aggressiveness or increased agitation

• decrease in zinc levels in the blood

Soldering at home

One of the oldest and fairly simple methods of reliably connecting metal parts is the so-called soldering, used in the manufacture of any product using surface diffusion, as well as when melting an intermediary metal.

This method is widely used, as a rule, when it is necessary to repair technical devices and household items. Electrical and radio engineering is the most common area of ​​application of soldering. The positive aspects of soldering are their simplicity and universal availability, ease of repair, dismantling, and water resistance.

The negative aspects of soldering are the relatively low soldering strength, the inability to apply to some metals, and the relative intolerance to cold and heat (from -25 to +200 degrees).

Types of solders for soldering

For soldering, as a rule, so-called solder is used - a low-melting metal alloy. The central type of solder is a tin-lead alloy.

Taking into account the presence of a certain element, solders are divided according to different melting temperatures, and subsequently this circumstance determines the primary scope of their application. Solders with a temperature of about 200 degrees have become widespread.

As a rule, flux is used on the top of parts that are soldered, which destroys oxides. The efficiency of soldering without using flux is zero. A characteristic feature of the flux is that various modifications of it are used for soldering certain metals.

Many fluxes are universal. In most cases, fluxes are generally applicable. Soldering acid and rosin are especially relevant.

Choosing a soldering iron for soldering

A soldering iron is a rod that heats up to a certain temperature. Its functional purpose is to heat the soldering area to a temperature equal to the melting point of the solder. The power of soldering irons, of course, can be different.

The power source is current. In exceptional cases, when it is not possible to find a power source, a torch can be used.

The priority when choosing a soldering iron is determined based on the thickness of the parts that are connected. When soldering radio components, a device with a power of 40 W is quite sufficient, but it is absolutely unsuitable for soldering thick wires and sheets of tin.

Optimal soldering process at home

Surfaces that are subsequently to be joined are pre-prepared. After preparation, the intended place where the solder will be located is cleaned to a shine using sandpaper or a knife. The enveloping layer of solder is applied after preliminary cleaning.

As a rule, areas that are cleaned are covered with flux or its melt. They are then placed in molten solder and heated until a connection to the solder is made.

We accept tin, tin solders

Tin (lat. Stannum; denoted by the symbol Sn) is a ductile (crunches when deformed at a fracture), malleable and fusible shiny metal of a silvery-white color, sometimes has a yellow tint.

Tin forms two allotropic modifications: below 13.2 °C, stable α-tin (gray tin) with a cubic diamond-type lattice; above 13.2 °C, stable β-tin (white tin) with a tetragonal crystal lattice. Tin is used as a safe, non-toxic, corrosion-resistant coating in its pure form or in alloys with other metals.

The main industrial uses of tin are in tinplate (tinned iron) for food containers, in solders for electronics, in household piping, in bearing alloys, and in coatings of tin and its alloys. The most important alloy of tin is bronze (with copper). Another well-known alloy, pewter, is used to make tableware.

About 33% of all mined tin is consumed for these purposes. Up to 60% of tin produced is used in the form of tin alloys with copper, copper and zinc, copper and antimony (bearing alloy, or babbitt), with zinc (packaging foil) and in the form of tin-lead and tin-zinc solders.

Many collection points are ready to buy tin, but only our company can offer a favorable and fair price in accordance with the current state of the metal market.

The world demand for tin, the price of which is quite high, and its alloys is constantly growing, and tin scrap .

On the other hand, the extraction of primary tin is much more expensive and has a significant negative impact on the environment; in general, tin extraction is currently low.

Against this background, its recycling becomes especially important, especially since companies like ours have appeared that can buy tin at a good price. We have a long history of receiving tin , helping to supply the food, radio and automotive industries.

VeCo LLC will buy tin. The price is high!

There are several main grades of produced tin. The difference is due to the content of the main element and the presence of impurities. Accordingly, the scope of application also differs. Tin metal comes in the following grades: OVCh000, OVCh00, 01PCh, O1, O2, O3, O4.

The first two grades have high purity content - 99.99 and 99.94% tin, respectively, and are used in semiconductor technology. O1, O2, O3, O4 are used in the manufacture of tin, solders, kitchen utensils and polishing tin alloys.

Here the metal content ranges from 99.6% to 99.9%

One of the most common brands is O1PCh. tin metal - 99.91%, the rest is impurities of iron, copper, arsenic, bismuth. It is produced, as a rule, in the form of ingots, rods, and tin sheets.

We accept tin contained in tin products, tin grade 01ПЧ, pieces of tinplate, tin-containing waste, tin wire, dishes, various tin products. Less common is a piece of tin, which, as a rule, is a waste of various industries.

With us you can sell scrap tin at a competitive price!

One of the most common uses of tin is tin solder, used to join materials. Tin for soldering belongs to the so-called soft solders and is widely used in radio electronics, instrument making, mechanical engineering and other areas of industry.

Solders can be pure or with impurities; only pure tin solders are used for soldering food equipment. Thanks to its ductility, tin rolls well into rods and wire of different diameters, which are convenient to use for soldering. Tin solders have high corrosion resistance, mechanical strength and good conductivity.

There are several main brands of solders - POS 90, POS40, POS30. Tin-lead solders of different brands differ in the percentage of tin in them and are designated accordingly.

So POS 30 solder contains 29-31% tin, POS 40 - 39-41% Sn, POS 90 - 89-91% Sn, the rest is lead, and also impurities of antimony, copper, nickel and zinc are present in small quantities. Typically, soldering tin comes in the form of wire wound on a spool.

VeCo LLC accepts tin for soldering, brands of tin solders POS 90, POS 40, POS 30 at a high price!

It will be convenient to hand over tin We have been working for quite a long time; competent specialists have extensive experience in accepting and evaluating alloys.

In addition, we can very accurately determine the percentage composition of the product using a Niton spectrum analyzer. accept tin at competitive rates and regularly adjust them in accordance with the global market.

The depletion of world reserves makes the reception of tin and its further processing a very important activity.

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Excess tin. What happens if too much tin accumulates in the body?

The risk of accumulation of a high percentage of microelement in the body exists among workers of enterprises where tin salts are used. These include factories for the production of plastics, pesticides, linoleum and plastics. In the premises of these structures there is too high a percentage of metal vapors and dust. Once in the lungs, this component can damage the lungs. Areas located near highways are considered unsafe for living, as there is too high a dose of exhaust gases that contain tin. Tin negatively affects magnesium, which is responsible for protecting cells from tumors.

Tin cans are considered a dangerous household item that contains tin. If food is stored in them for too long, it begins to self-destruct. Therefore, experts recommend immediately transferring food into glass containers after opening canned food. Storing canned food in open form is strictly prohibited.

In old age and childhood, the body is not able to quickly cope with the elimination of tin. It is in children and the elderly that the risk of developing excess tin is highest. In order to avoid this problem, it is necessary to minimize the doses of tin entering the body from food

There is a version that the Roman Empire fell due to tin poisoning. The story goes that the metal ended up in the wine that the ancient Romans loved so much. Regularly eating food from tin dishes and wine saturated with tin, the nation began to often get sick and weaken. Only centuries later did doctors realize what was the reason for the death of the people.

Occurrence in nature and method of obtaining tin

Tin

- ductile, malleable and fusible shiny metal of silver-white color. It is used mainly as a safe, non-toxic, corrosion-resistant coating in its pure form or in alloys with other metals.

The main industrial uses of tin are in tinplate (tinned iron) for making containers, in solders for electronics, in household piping, in bearing alloys, and in coatings of tin and its alloys.

The element consists of 10 isotopes with mass numbers 112, 114-120, 122, 124; the latter is weakly radioactive; The 120Sn isotope is the most common (about 33%).

1. Structure
2. Properties
3. Reserves and production
4. Origin
5. Application
6. Classification
7. Physical properties
8. Optical properties
9. Crystallographic properties

See also:

Silver

— structure and physical properties

STRUCTURE

Tin has two allotropic modifications: a-Sn (gray tin) with a face-centered cubic crystal lattice and b-Sn (regular white tin) with a body-centered tetragonal crystal lattice.

The phase transition b -> a is accelerated at low temperatures (-30 ° C) and in the presence of nuclei of gray tin crystals; There are known cases when tin products in the cold crumbled into gray powder (“tin plague”), but this transformation, even at very low temperatures, is sharply inhibited by the presence of minute impurities and therefore rarely occurs, representing more scientific than practical interest.

PROPERTIES

The density of b-Sn is 7.29 g/cm3, the density of a-Sn is 5.85 g/cm3. Melting point 231.9°C, boiling point 2270°C.

Temperature coefficient of linear expansion 23·10-6 (0-100 °C); specific heat capacity (0°C) 0.225 kJ/(kg K), that is, 0.0536 cal/(g °C); thermal conductivity (0°C) 65.8 W/(m K.

), that is, 0.157 cal/(cm·sec·°С); specific electrical resistance (20 °C) 0.115·10-6 ohm·m, that is, 11.5·10-6 ohm·cm. Gray tin is diamagnetic, and white tin is paramagnetic.

Tensile strength 16.6 MN/m2 (1.7 kgf/mm2); relative elongation 80-90%; Brinell hardness 38.3-41.2 Mn/m2 (3.9-4.2 kgf/mm2). When bending tin rods, a characteristic crunch is heard from the mutual friction of the crystallites.

Pure tin has low mechanical strength at room temperature (you can bend a tin rod and hear a characteristic cracking sound caused by the friction of individual crystals against each other) and is therefore rarely used.

How to make tin at home? Step by step casting process

Are you here

Today, tin is a common metal. However, in the 16th and 17th centuries, it was quite rare and valuable, so Russia bought it from other countries. Tin was used to coat iron products to protect them from rust.

From this metal, Russian craftsmen created dishes with relief patterns, since soft, pliable tin could easily be processed with a chisel. After casting the product, the master decorated it with intricate patterns or an engraved inscription.

Today, the Moscow Historical Museum has various examples of tin utensils that have been preserved from ancient times.

Briefly about malleable tin

Metal tin has such a crystal structure that when it is bent, the metal crystals crunch as a result of friction against each other. This crunch is a distinctive feature of pure tin from its alloys, which do not emit sounds when bent.

It is possible to apply various decorative coatings based on tin or any alloy made from it at home. At the same time, the question may arise, how to make tin yourself? It is extracted using electrochemical etching methods using an electrolyte solution, which you will need to make yourself, using pure tin and its salts.

Craftsmen can obtain tin at home in the following ways:

• Use chemical reactions to produce tin oxide and then melt it in a crucible. As a result, pure tin will be released.
• Obtain tin chloride, and then use electrolysis cans from cans with an electrolyte based on the existing chloride to isolate the tin.

How to get tin chloride at home?

A simpler and cheaper method for producing tin chloride is to use tin-lead solder.

1. You need to take concentrated hydrochloric acid, bring it to a boil and dissolve solder in it.
2. The next step is to strongly cool the solution, during which lead chloride will precipitate in it.
3. The resulting precipitate is filtered with decantation, and an electrolyte (which is practically pure tin chloride with a small amount of impurities) is prepared on the basis of the filtered solution.
4. Due to the rapid oxidation of stannous chloride, the resulting solution must be used immediately.

how to make tin chloride at home

How to get pure tin at home?

In order to make an electrolyte, you need to take a small portion of tin chloride as a seed. Later, after isolation, it will be possible to prepare a purer chloride solution. To do this, you need to take aqua regia or hydrochloric acid and dissolve the metal.

Pour an alkaline solution (9-10%) into a 7% solution of SnCl2 (chloridol), stirring constantly, as a result of which the formation and precipitation of a white precipitate - tin hydroxide - will be observed.

It is necessary to stir the solution until it becomes completely transparent, which will indicate the readiness of the electrolyte.

How to make tin at home? To do this, you will need a fairly large tin can (3-5 liters) and a lid made of dielectric material.

The cans have a tinned inner surface - that is, a layer of tin that protects the iron can itself from oxidation, and the food product contained in it from spoilage. Therefore, it is possible to extract tin from cans for reuse.

You need to remove the sticker from the jar and remove dirt from it, for which you need to boil it in a strong soda solution for 30 minutes. The following is done:

1. A carbon cathode is placed in the center of the jar.
2. Connect the anode to the can body.
3. Fill the electrolyte and connect the power supply (4V). To do this, you can take several batteries or a battery connected in series.
4. To increase the amount of tin produced, cut some old cans into pieces and pour them into the electrolyzer, but you must prevent them from coming into contact with the cathode. One medium-sized tin contains 0.5 g of tin.
5. The result of the experiment is the release of spongy tin at the cathode. It must be collected and melted in a crucible into a metal of a characteristic silver color. Why can tin be melted at home? Because it has a melting point of 239˚C, and iron, for comparison, has a melting point of 1538.85˚C.

about tin casting at home

Tin casting at home

Today, making small figurines and products from tin at home is not only interesting, but also quite profitable.

After all, many collectors are willing to pay a lot of money for a tin soldier, a model of military equipment, or just a souvenir.

Amateur artists who want to learn how to cast parts usually use tin for this, since it has the following positive qualities:

• Attractive beautiful color similar to silver.
• Tin is technologically advanced and has a low melting point.
• Plastic, easy to engrave and mint, “molded” with a soldering iron.

A skilled craftsman, using simple equipment, is able to transform a small silver ingot into a beautiful sculpture, lantern, candlestick, casket, medal, brooch, bracelet, cufflink and much more.

In addition, openwork and relief plates are created from tin to decorate boxes, door hinges, handles, and keyholes.

How is tin casting done at home? This process consists of the following stages and features:

1. The production of future products begins with the creation of color sketches on a sheet of paper.
2. Afterwards, polymer clay is taken and a figurine is prepared from it to create a shape. In this case, every smallest detail is applied with a stack and a thin awl.
3. Making the mold is the most critical stage. It must have the perfect connector. This is necessary for easy and safe removal of the casting. As a rule, casting molds are made collapsible, consisting of 2 parts.
4. The most optimal material for the mold is plaster or silicone, but in order to make a silicone mold, you need to spend much more material and time.
5. In addition, stores sell special sealants that are poured onto models, they harden and thus become reusable molds for pouring.

1. In cases where the future product will contain many small parts, the mold is made with an insert.
2. An important role is played by the size of the channel in the mold through which the metal is poured into it. The smaller it is, the slower the mold is filled, and there is a danger of the metal cooling quickly, which can lead to the formation of cavities.
3. When casting a part, the two halves of the mold should be folded together and placed between a plywood sheet about 12 millimeters thick. Then you need to tighten them with a tight elastic band.
4. After preparing the mold, the metal is heated. The readiness of the alloy for pouring is determined by the formation of a yellowish film. If the metal is overheated, the film will acquire a blue or purple tint.
5. Pouring metal into the mold must be done in a thin stream, while tapping the mold a little, thus preventing air retention in it. It is necessary to remember the rules for safe work with heated alloys.
6. After the mold is filled with metal, it must be left for some time to cool and harden the alloy inside it.
7. Then the mold is opened, and the finished product is carefully removed from it using tongs. As a rule, there are always defects on the first product. Therefore, the figurine is further processed - the flash (metal that has flowed into the seams between the two parts of the form) is removed. They are cleaned using tools such as a scalpel or scraper.
8. Next, the seams are sanded with fairly fine sandpaper. When making complex figures and products that are cast in separate parts, these parts are connected with a soldering iron.

1. Epoxy glue is used to glue small parts. The places where the parts were soldered and glued are carefully and carefully sanded.
2. Then you should prepare a strong solution of soda and wash the finished figurine with a thin brush to remove the flux.
3. If necessary, the finished product is painted with acrylic paints.

Having successfully mastered this fascinating ancient craft, a skilled craftsman will have the opportunity not only to do what he loves, but also to earn good money. Plus, it would make a great 10th wedding anniversary (tin anniversary) gift.

Reserves and production

Tin is a rare trace element; tin ranks 47th in terms of abundance in the earth's crust. The Clark content of tin in the earth's crust ranges, according to various sources, from 2·10−4 to 8·10−3% by mass.

The main mineral of tin is cassiterite (tin stone) SnO2, containing up to 78.8% tin. Much less common in nature is stannin (tin pyrite) - Cu2FeSnS4 (27.5% Sn). The world's tin deposits are located mainly in China and Southeast Asia - Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.

There are also large deposits in South America (Bolivia, Peru, Brazil) and Australia.

In Russia, tin ore reserves are located in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Pyrkakai stockworks; Valkumey mine/village, Iultin - mining was closed in the early 1990s), in the Primorsky Territory (Kavalerovsky district), in the Khabarovsk Territory (Solnechny district, Verkhnebureinsky district ( Pravourmiyskoye deposit)), in Yakutia (Deputatskoye deposit) and other areas.

During the production process, the ore-bearing rock (cassiterite) is crushed to particle sizes of an average of ~ 10 mm in industrial mills, after which cassiterite, due to its relatively high density and mass, is separated from the waste rock by vibration-gravity method on dressing tables.

In addition, the flotation method of ore enrichment/purification is used. In this way, it is possible to increase the tin content in the ore to 40-70%. Next, the concentrate is roasted in oxygen to remove impurities of sulfur and arsenic. The resulting tin ore concentrate is smelted in furnaces.

During the smelting process, it is restored to a free state through the use of charcoal in the reduction, the layers of which are laid alternately with layers of ore, or aluminum (zinc) in electric furnaces: SnO2 + C = Sn + CO2.

Particularly pure tin of semiconductor purity is prepared by electrochemical refining or the zone melting method.

Tin casting process

The melting point of tin is only 231 °C. But its boiling point is within 2,300 °C. The temperature at which the metal will be melted can be achieved at home.

That is, it is quite possible, of course, subject to certain rules and safety precautions, to perform tin casting at home. In industrial conditions, special centrifugal casting machines are used for tin casting.

To make molds, gypsum, alabaster, epoxy resin, silicone and, of course, metal are used.

Tin casting process in industry

Creating a form is perhaps the most important process. First you need to create a sketch of the future model. After this, the model is made from polymer clay. To apply small parts you must use an awl.

Another, no less important process is the production of injection molds. When manufacturing it, it is necessary to ensure that the correct connector is present.

It is needed so that the finished casting can be removed without causing damage to the product itself.

Useful properties of tin. The impact of microelements on the human body.

There is a misconception that tin has a toxic effect on the human body. However, it is not. The functions of tin have not been fully studied by scientists, but the fact that this substance is originally found in human bones and food suggests that it is not dangerous. In the human body, tin accumulates in bone tissue, kidneys, heart, lungs and intestines. With age, the amount of microelement in the lungs may increase, since it comes from the air.

Tin is involved in the growth processes of organs and bones. It is part of stomach enzymes. Tin also takes part in the redox reaction in the body. Since a large percentage of the microelement is found in bones, tin is responsible for the proper development of the musculoskeletal system. However, tin can only be beneficial to the body if it is contained in fatty acids. But mineral compounds can have a toxic effect.

Previously, this metal was used for medical purposes to treat many diseases. They were saved from epilepsy, neuroses, helminthiasis, eczema and the use of the cornea of ​​the eye. It was used as an external remedy. Today, doctors do not need to use stannous chloride, since with progress came less toxic drugs that are more effective.