How to determine whether it is tin or not?
Tin is much lighter and stronger than lead. To distinguish tin from aluminum (as well as from an alloy with lead), you should listen to the sound when bending the metal: pure tin always crunches. Unlike silver, tin melts much faster and also darkens when reacting with iodine.
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What is tin? Description, properties and application
Tin is obtained from ores or metal-enriched sand. This exists in the Arctic seas. A mixture of granules with a high tin content is mined directly from the bottom of the Laptev Sea. The rock is extracted using specialized vessels in the Vankina Bay area. The first batch of sand was raised to the surface back in 1976.
What is tin?
Tin is a metal. It ranks 50th in Dmitri Mendeleev's table of chemical elements. The 50th number is in the 4th group of the table, in its main subgroup. They are included in the fifth period of the list. The mass of tin is 118.710.
The metal is rare and dispersed. It is isolated in small quantities from ores and sands. In terms of content in the Earth's crust, tin ranks 47th among chemical elements. Most of the silvery-white metal is in cassetterite. This is a mineral. It contains almost 80% tin. By the way, it is the proportion of cassetirite that is high in sands raised from the ocean floor. The proportion of light metal in tin pyrites is also high, but it is rarely found in nature.
Physical and chemical properties of tin
The element has a low melting point. The maximum temperature of tin at which the metal remains solid is 231 degrees Celsius. Already at 231.9 degrees the element melts. This figure is the same for both modifications of the metal. It comes in white and grey. The element acquires a dark shade when it changes from a metallic state to a powdery state. The density of the powder is much lower, it is equal to 5,850 grams per cubic centimeter. This figure is more than a thousand less than the density of tin in the metallic state.
Tin turns into a powder state only at low temperatures. Metamorphosis is called tin plague. Because of her, for example, an entire expedition died in 1912. The Scott team sent to the North Pole was left without fuel halfway through the journey. Kerosene leaked from the tanks. They were made of tin, but the joint was made of tin. In the cold, it turned into powder and spilled out of the seams, and fuel spilled out with it.
Melting of tin varies greatly with the boiling point. The latter is 2,270 degrees. The element bends easily even when cooled, and with slight heating it becomes like plasticine. The metal is light, its weight is comparable to aluminum.
The metal is coated with tin oxide . It forms a film that protects the element from corrosion. Tin does not lose this property even in humid air with a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius.
Tin is not on the list of chemically resistant metals. It reacts, for example, with nitric and sulfuric acids. Tin also reacts with halogens.
Applications of tin
People found uses for tin even before our era. The whitish metal has served humanity since approximately the Bronze Age. It is named after the alloy, products from which were leading in this era. What does tin have to do with it? It was part of bronze. Then it was an alloy of tin and copper . This is the recipe now. True, now sometimes aluminum, silicon and lead are also added. And the role of bronze in the life of society is no longer the same.
In the 21st century, light metal is used not only for bronze, but also for solders. An alloy of tin and lead is usually used for these purposes . Compounds with cadmium and bismuth are also used. Such compositions do not crumble into powder even in the cold, and therefore serve as a reliable “connective tissue” for various parts.
An alloy of tin with lead and antimony is used in the printing industry. The combination of three elements is used to create typographic fonts.
Tin is rolled into foil. White metal is used to make pipes and other elements that must have anti-corrosion properties. Since tin does not rust, utensils are made from it. Food-grade metal conducts heat well. The element is non-toxic. It is even used to cover containers for long-term food storage, for example, cans. By the way, the cans are also coated with tin on the outside. This is always done with tin containers, which protects them from destruction.
Tin dishes were also made in ancient times. Our ancestors also noticed the peculiarity of tin that it does not succumb to corrosion and does not rust. However, light metal cutlery was not common. The reason is high cost. In past eras, tin was worth on par with gold and even more. So, even among the noble Romans, tin was not always in abundance.
Tin is an important element in the textile industry. This is where metal salts come into play. They are used in the production of natural silk and printing on chintz fabrics. The whitish element is also useful in medicine. Dentists need tin to form some fillings. Now they are becoming a thing of the past, but previously they accounted for almost 100% of all dental “patches”. Previously, tin was also used in the treatment of epilepsy. Seizures were relieved using tin and chlorine pills. They fought many neuroses in the same way. It sounds scary, but tin is found in the human body even without pills. Moreover, the element is necessary. If there is a shortage of it, the growth of people slows down, for example.
You can buy metal for certain needs for about 1,000 rubles. This is tin , the price of which is set taking into account processing. They ask for thousands for rods, cylinders and other ready-made elements. pure tin much cheaper, on average 30-40%. Metal powder is even cheaper. By the way, it is added to insecticidal mixtures. This is the name of chemical compositions for baiting insects, for example, garden pests. Marine “pests” are also afraid of tin. Thus, shellfish do not stick to the white metal-coated bottom of ships, thereby destroying the structure.
Processing Features
Tin processing involves grinding the mineral in special mills. The required particle size is 10 mm. After this, cassiterite is cleared of waste ore using the vibration-gravity method. Concentrated tin ore is smelted in a furnace with coal, where it is reduced to a free state. The result of the process is slag containing up to 25% tin. The resulting material is smelted at higher temperatures to produce metal that meets the established high standards.
The process is carried out under special control. This avoids large residues of valuable material in the slag after secondary processing.
The metal is polymorphic. Under normal conditions, it is white, plastic (β-modification), and has a density of 7.228 g/cm3. Cooled tin acquires a gray tint (α-modification). Its density is 5.75 g/cm3. The contact of two metals leads to the “tin plague” - their disintegration. The temperature effect on the material made it possible to obtain two more modifications of it (γ-tin - from 161 °C and σ-tin - from 1000 °C).
Gift from friends
The tenth anniversary of the wedding celebration is a wonderful holiday. Tin wedding anniversary gifts are given specifically for the tenth anniversary. Friends of a married couple most often give objects of common use:
- Paired wine glasses with metal elements . The decor is presented in the form of roses, doves and other symbols of marriage. A symbolic gift can also be used for its intended purpose.
- Pair of souvenir spoons made of tin . Handles are often designed in the form of a female and male silhouette.
- Tray complete with candy bowl, sugar bowl or cream container. It is appropriate to engrave with congratulations or wishes.
- Cup holders.
- Set of tin soldiers.
- Chess with figures cast from metal.
You should also consider options with metal decor.
- Tin bell for front door . Tin is always used in alloys to make bells. Thanks to this metal, the sound is very melodic. It is believed that the ringing of such a product protects the house from all negative energy.
- If you approach the choice of a gift with humor, you can buy a soldering iron with tin solder and, during the delivery, wish to instantly solder everything, even the smallest cracks that may appear in the relationship between spouses.
- Medal-congratulations on the first major date in the life of the newlyweds.
- Mirror in tin frame . A beautiful wall version of a mirror in a picture frame will be appreciated.
A beautiful mirror composition will be a wonderful reminder not only of the anniversary, but also of the giver
- Souvenir horseshoe . Depending on how exactly the horseshoe is positioned above the front door, it brings good luck or protects the house from ill-wishers.
- Metal panel . When choosing, you should give preference to options with romantic scenes, for example, images of a happy couple.
More important dates ! Find out what the couple celebrates on 27 years of marriage and what to give them.
Industrial use
Tin is non-toxic and fusible, which makes it in demand in various types of industry. It is also used as a component in many alloys with various metals. So, the element is used in production:
- Semiconductor technology, chemical reagents, protective coatings on cold-rolled sheet steel;
- Components for fixing parts with a base for anti-corrosion protection;
- Protective coatings for food containers, house pipelines, solders for electronics;
- Alloys with bronze in the manufacture of machines and other automatic mechanisms;
- Rods, tapes and other elements for electrical engineering;
- Containers and forms in the food industry;
- Solders for tinning surfaces, filler material, soldering pipelines.
The element's atoms form chemical bonds with carbon to produce organotin compounds. The functionality of this metal makes it indispensable in the implementation of design and engineering plans.
Rules of care
Pewter can tarnish in humid environments and when exposed to salt or chlorinated water. Jewelry made from it should be removed before visiting the pool, sauna or bathhouse, or taking a shower. It is better to completely limit the contact of jewelry with water and store it in a dry, dark place.
Tin jewelry is resistant to strong impacts and scratches. They cannot withstand constant bending and break. Try to wear them very carefully. You can use a soft cloth to clean pewter jewelry. Jewelry cosmetics sold in retail stores are not suitable - only special pastes.
