Plasma torch height control system based on arc voltage THC thc

Operating principle

After pressing the ignition button, the source of electricity starts, supplying high-frequency current to the working tool. An arc (pilot) occurs between the tip located in the cutter (plasma torch) and the electrode. Temperature range from 6 to 8 thousand degrees. It is worth noting that the working arc is not created instantly; there is a certain delay.

Then compressed air enters the cavity of the plasmatron. This is what a compressor is designed for. Passing through the chamber with a pilot arc on the electrode, it is heated and increases in volume. The process is accompanied by ionization of the air, which transforms it into a conductive state.

Through a narrow plasma torch nozzle, the resulting plasma flow is supplied to the workpiece. The flow speed is 2 – 3 m/s. Air in an ionized state can heat up to 30,000°C. In this state, the electrical conductivity of air is close to the conductivity of metal elements.

After the plasma contacts the surface being cut, the pilot arc is switched off and the working arc begins to operate. Next, melting is carried out at the cutting points, from which the molten metal is blown with supplied air.

You can read in detail about plasma cutting technology and working with equipment in the corresponding article.

Buy inexpensive equipment for cutting CNC sheet iron

1. Dimensions 3500*2200*1000. 2. Working field 3050*1550 3. Speed ​​up to 15,000 m per minute. 4. Accuracy 0.1mm. 5. TNS - control of burner height by arc voltage 6. Can work with any source. 7. Collapsible table

The price of a CNC plasma cutting table is RUB 220,000. (20% discount for cash payment) For cash payment the cost is 175,000 rubles.

The price includes: 1. Collapsible table, 2. Electronics box with autonomous controller and TNS 3. Burner, wires, hoses. To operate, you additionally need: 1. Plasma current apparatus. 2. Compressor.

The cost of the portal without a table is 185,000 rubles. (20% discount for cash payment) For cash payment payment price 145,000 rub.

(this is the yellow thing in the upper videos, it includes a rack and a 3.4 m rail, the price also includes an electronics box, a torch, wires, hoses) To work, you additionally need: 1. A plasma current apparatus. 2. Compressor. 3. Assemble the table and install the portal on it

Electronics box assembly.

The composition includes: 1. Autonomous controller with TNS 2. Power supply 3. Drivers 3-4 pcs. Cost 35,000 rub.

The cost of an autonomous controller is 15,000 rubles. (more details here)

I also offer TNS for Mach3

price
5,000 rub.
(for orders of two or more pieces)

Safety rules when working with a plasma cutter

The plasma cutting process, if operating rules are not followed, is dangerous to the health and life of people. The main harmful factors are:

• Splashes of molten metal. During the cut, the plasma stream melts the metal and blows it out of the part being cut. Contact of molten drops with flammable substances leads to their ignition, and contact with skin causes severe burns, up to IV degree (charring). For protection, it is necessary to direct the plasma flow away from people and flammable materials.
• Harmful gases and dust. During cutting, the metal not only melts, but also burns. The resulting smoke is harmful to health. In addition, contaminants on the surface of parts burn. Therefore, the workplace must be equipped with exhaust ventilation and work in a respirator.
• Bright light. During the operation of electric welding and cutting with plasma formed by an electric arc, in addition to visible light, ultraviolet radiation appears. This type of radiation causes burns to the retina of the eyes. For protection, the workplace is fenced with portable shields, and the cutter must use a protective shield.
• Temperature. After completion of work, the edges of the part remain heated to a high temperature for some time and touching them can lead to burns. To avoid such injuries, cut parts should only be touched with protective gloves or after sufficient time for the edges to cool.

For those who like to burn on various materials

On the Internet you can see numerous homemade models of burners that are capable of creating designs on plywood, plastic, metal and even glass. Moreover, photographic similarity and some three-dimensionality of the image are achieved. The surface is cleaned, degreased, primed with white acrylic of the Kudo brand and, using a CNC laser burner, also called a pyroprinter, unique images are created. Sometimes the process lasts 6 or more hours.

The burner's operating speed is a stable 10 m/min, and programmers have ideas on how to raise it without interfering with the operation of the control unit. You can also control the burner from a laptop (Windows XP and 7) without using the LPT cable. This will turn burning into an exciting activity for children and teenagers using the capabilities of laser cutters.

Inverter

This unit can be taken from a ready-made welding machine. Its cost is relatively low, although it can be considered the most expensive investment in this project. Typically, when choosing this device, specialists focus on a certain power. It is determined based on the volume of work and its specifics.

Some experts prefer to create an inverter themselves, selecting parts for specific needs or using existing materials. However, as practice shows, it is much easier to use a ready-made unit, since it is more reliable, and certain standards were used in its manufacture.

Scheme

Like any electrical installation, a plasma cutting unit is assembled according to electrical diagrams.

Fundamental

This diagram shows all the elements of the installation, regardless of their location. The main purpose of this drawing is to show the connections between parts and make it easier to understand the operation of the installation.

The schematic diagram of the device shows the following elements:

• supply transformer with rectifier;
• oscillator;
• current relay;
• resistor that limits the pilot arc current;
• a contactor that turns off this arc;
• a starter that turns on the device;
• cutting button;
• compressor with control equipment.

Management

The control diagram shows all the buttons and controls that are located on the remote control or directly on the plasma torch:

• compressor activation buttons;
• air pressure regulator;
• in the presence of coolant, buttons and regulators of its flow;
• ammeter;
• voltmeter;
• water and air flow sensors;
• cutting control button (can be located on the plasma torch handle).

Information! All these elements are also shown on the schematic diagram.

Connections

The connection diagram shows the cables and hoses connecting all the elements to each other. It indicates the cross-section and length of the wires, as well as the connection location.

How to make a welding transformer

The plasma power source is a welding transformer. Like some other elements, you can make it yourself.

Required parameters

A transformer for plasma cutting differs from a conventional welder in the no-load voltage and is 220-250V. This is necessary to create and maintain an arc between the electrode and the part being cut. The power and current of the secondary winding depend on the expected metal thickness:

• 20A, 2.5 kW – 6 mm;
• 50A, 6kW – 12 mm;
• 80A, 10kW – 18-25 mm.

A power source is required with a “soft” characteristic; the operating voltage is 70V. A current of 5A is sufficient to operate the pilot arc. It is limited to a resistance of 30-50 Ohms, made of thick nichrome wire.

Information! It will not work to use a regular or inverter welder. These devices do not have enough voltage.

How to calculate

The calculation of the supply transformer comes down to determining the required sections of the magnetic circuit, the primary and secondary windings and the number of turns.

For a device designed to cut metal up to 12 mm at a current of 50A, an open circuit voltage of 200V and a mains voltage of 220V, these parameters are:

• magnetic core cross-section – 107 mm²
• primary winding – 225 turns of copper wire Ø4.7 mm;
• secondary winding – 205 turns of copper wire Ø5.04 mm².

Transformer manufacturing

Due to the fact that the transformer must have a “soft” characteristic, the coils are located separately from each other. When using an O-shaped core, they are located on different rods; on an W-shaped magnetic core, the windings are located along the middle part.

The coils are wound according to the calculated parameters on the frames of their electrical cardboard. The finished windings are wrapped with glass tape or keeper tape and coated with paint.

After winding the windings and assembling the magnetic circuit, a diode bridge of 4 diodes with radiators, assembled on a textolite platform, is attached and connected to the transformer. The assembled transformer is placed in the housing, and the outputs of the windings and diode bridge are connected to the terminals on the front panel. The connection is made according to the schematic diagram, taking into account the presence of ammeters, voltmeters, starters and other parts.

An oscillator connected in series with the welder has a high high frequency output voltage. Therefore, it is necessary to use high-frequency diodes in the rectifier or install a separate diode bridge, specifically for the pilot arc.

Compressor

According to the instructions, using a compressor implies that oxygen or inert gas will be used. In practice, more often it is connected to cylinders containing a special mixture. It is this mixture that provides a strong plasma beam with decent cooling. If the plasma cutter is used at home, then for economy and simplicity of the matter it is recommended to use a simple compressor. This component can be assembled on your own, where the role of a receiver will be played by a regular cylinder. The compressor is often taken from a refrigerator or from a ZIL car

It is important not to make mistakes with pressure regulation. This is done experimentally, by craftsmen, at the initial stage of work

Design

With the proper desire and skill, anyone can create a homemade plasma cutter. But in order for it to function fully and effectively, certain rules must be followed. It is advisable to try on an inverter, because It is he who is able to ensure a stable current supply and stable arc operation. As a result, there are no interruptions and electricity consumption will be significantly reduced. But it is worth considering that an inverter-based plasma cutter can cope with a thinner metal thickness than a transformer.

Required components

Before starting assembly work, it is necessary to prepare a number of components, materials and equipment:

1. Inverter or transformer with suitable power. To eliminate error, it is necessary to determine the planned cutting thickness. Based on this information, select the right device. However, taking into account manual cutting, it is worth choosing an inverter, because... it weighs less and consumes less electricity.
2. Plasma torch or plasma cutter. There are also some peculiarities of choice. It is better to choose direct action for working with conductive materials, and indirect action for non-conductive materials.
3. Compressed air compressor. It is necessary to pay attention to the rated power, because it must cope with the load imposed and match the other components. Cable hose. Required for connecting all components of the plasma cutter and supplying air to the plasma torch.

Selection of power supply

The operation of the plasma cutter is ensured by the power supply. It generates the specified parameters of electric current and voltage and supplies them to the cutting unit. The main supply unit can be:

It is necessary to approach the choice of power supply taking into account the features of the devices described above.

Plasma torch

A plasma torch is a plasma generator. This is a working tool in which a plasma jet is formed that directly cuts materials.

The main features of the device are:

• Creation of ultra-high temperature;
• Simple adjustment of current power, start and stop of operating modes;
• Compact dimensions;
• Reliability of operation.

Structurally, the plasma torch consists of:

• Electrode/cathode containing zirconium or hafnium. These metals are characterized by a high level of thermionic emission;
• The nozzle is basically isolated from the electrode;
• A mechanism that swirls plasma-forming gas.

The nozzle and electrode are consumables of the plasma torch. If a plasma cutter processes a workpiece up to 10 millimeters in size, then one set of electrodes is consumed within 8 hours of operation. Wear occurs evenly, which allows you to change them at the same time.

Read also: How to ring a telephone board

If the electrode is not replaced in a timely manner, the cutting quality may be impaired - the geometry of the cut changes or waves appear on the surface. The hafnium insert in the cathode gradually burns out. If it has a production of more than 2 millimeters, then the electrode can burn and overheat the plasmatron. This means that electrodes replaced at the wrong time will lead to rapid failure of the remaining elements of the working tool.

All plasmatrons can be divided into 3 volume groups:

• Electric arc - has at least one anode and cathode, which are connected to a direct current power source;
• High-frequency - there are no electrodes and cathodes. Communication with the power supply is based on inductive/capacitive principles;
• Combined - operates when exposed to high-frequency current and arc discharges.

Based on the arc stabilization method, all plasmatrons can also be divided into gas, water and magnetic types. Such a system is extremely important for the operation of the instrument, because it forms a compression of the flow and fixes it on the central axis of the nozzle.

Currently, various modifications of plasma torches are available for sale. You may need to study the offers and buy a ready-made one. However, it is quite possible to make a homemade one at home. This requires:

• Lever. It is necessary to provide holes for wires.
• Button.
• An appropriate electrode designed for the current.
• Insulator.
• Flow swirler.
• Nozzle. Preferably a set with different diameters.
• Tip. Splash protection must be provided.
• Distance spring. Allows you to maintain a gap between the surface and the nozzle.
• Nozzle for removing carbon deposits and chamfering.

Work can be carried out with one plasma torch due to replaceable heads with different diameters that direct the plasma flow to the part. It is necessary to pay attention that they, like the electrodes, will melt during operation.

The nozzle is secured with a clamping nut. Directly behind it there is an electrode and an insulator that prevents the ignition of the arc in the wrong place. Next, a flow swirler is placed to enhance the arc effect. All elements are housed in a fluoroplastic casing. You can do some things yourself, but others will have to be purchased at the store.

The factory plasma torch will allow you to work without overheating for a longer time due to the air cooling system. However, for short-term cutting this is not an important parameter.

Oscillator

An oscillator is a generator that produces high-frequency current. A similar element is included in the plasma cutter circuit between the power source and the plasma torch. Capable of acting according to one of the following schemes:

1. Creation of a short-term impulse that promotes the formation of an arc without touching the surface of the product. Externally, it looks like a small lightning bolt supplied from the end of the electrode.
2. Constant voltage support with high voltage value superimposed on welding current. Ensures the preservation of stable arc maintenance.

The equipment allows you to quickly create an arc and start cutting metal.

For the most part they have a similar structure and consist of:

• Voltage rectifier;
• Charge storage unit (capacitors);
• Power unit;
• Pulse creation module. Includes an oscillatory circuit and a spark gap;
• Control block;
• Step-up transformer;
• Voltage monitoring device.

The main task is to modernize the incoming voltage. The frequency and voltage level increase, reducing the period of action to less than 1 second. The work sequence is as follows:

1. The button on the cutter is pressed;
2. In the rectifier, the current is leveled out and becomes unidirectional;
3. Charge accumulates in capacitors;
4. Current is supplied to the oscillatory circuit of the transformer windings, increasing the voltage level;
5. The pulse is controlled by a control circuit;
6. The pulse creates a discharge on the electrode, igniting an arc;
7. The impulse ends;
8. After stopping cutting, the oscillator purges the plasma torch for another 4 seconds. Due to this, cooling of the electrode and the treated surface is achieved.

Depending on the type of oscillator, it can be used in different ways. However, the general characteristic is an increase in voltage to 3000 - 5000 volts and a frequency from 150 to 500 kHz. The main differences are in the intervals of action of the high-frequency current.

For use in a plasma cutter, it is advisable to use an oscillator for non-contact ignition of the arc. Similar elements are used to work in argon welders. The tungsten electrodes in them will quickly become dull if they come into contact with the product. Including an oscillator in the apparatus circuit will allow you to create an arc without making contact with the plane of the part.

Using an oscillator can significantly reduce the need for expensive consumables and improve the cutting process. Properly selected equipment in accordance with the planned work allows you to increase its quality and speed.

Electrodes

Electrodes play an important role in the process of creating, maintaining an arc and direct cutting. The composition contains metals that allow the electrode not to overheat and not prematurely collapse when working with an arc at high temperatures.

When purchasing electrodes for a plasma cutter, it is necessary to clarify their composition. Beryllium and thorium contents create harmful fumes. They are suitable for work in appropriate conditions, with adequate protection for the worker, i.e. additional ventilation is required. Because of this, it is better to buy hafnium electrodes for household use.

Compressor and cable - hoses

The design of most homemade plasma cutters includes compressors and hose lines to direct air to the plasma torch. This design element allows you to heat the electric arc up to 8000°C. An additional function is to purge the working channels, clearing them of contaminants and removing condensate. In addition, compressed air helps cool the components of the device during long-term operation.

To operate the plasma cutter, it is possible to use a conventional compressed air compressor. Air exchange is carried out by thin hoses with suitable connectors. An electric valve is located at the inlet, which regulates the air supply process.

An electrical cable is placed in the channel from the apparatus to the burner. Therefore, it is necessary to place a hose with a large diameter here, which can accommodate the cable. The passing air also has a ventilation function, as it is able to cool the wire.

The mass must be made of cable with a cross-section of 5 mm2. There must be a clamp. If there is poor ground contact, switching the working arc to the standby arc will be problematic.

How the device works

A plasma cutting installation is a kind of hybrid of electric welding and a gas cutter - the metal is melted by electricity, and the melt is blown out by a gas stream.

The main part of this device is the plasmatron. Inside it is a copper electrode with a rod made of a refractory metal - beryllium, thorium, zirconium or hafnium. At the end of the head there is a nozzle that forms a plasma flow. The nozzle is separated from the electrode by an insulator. The cut is made with reverse polarity - the electrode is the anode, and the nozzle and the metal being cut are the cathode.

The installation works as follows:

• when the unit is turned on, voltage from the welding transformer is supplied to the electrode and nozzle;
• with the help of an oscillator, an auxiliary electric arc occurs between these elements, limited by additional resistance;
• this arc heats the gas supplied to the plasmatron to 8000°C, which turns it into plasma and increases the pressure inside the head;
• a stream of air or other gas blows the plasma stream out of the nozzle;
• when leaving it, the plasma is compressed into a narrow beam, the speed of which can reach 1500 m/s, and the temperature 30000 ° C;
• when the plasma and the part being cut come into contact, the current begins to flow through the mass of the transformer;
• a current relay installed in series with the part turns off the oscillator and the pilot arc.

The thickness of the metal being cut depends on the current strength of the welding transformer.

Information! At a current of more than 100A, the plasmatron and the cable suitable for it need to be cooled with running water or other coolant.

Appearance

The plasma cutting installation consists of the following parts:

• a plasma cutter or plasma torch that creates a plasma flow;
• welding transformer feeding the plasma torch;
• an oscillator or arc ignition unit that supplies high voltage at the moment the cut begins to form a plasma flow;
• a compressor to create air flow through the plasmatron;
• cables connecting the welding machine, plasma torch and the part being cut;
• hoses through which air or other gas and, if necessary, coolant are supplied.

The plasma head looks like a torch for a semi-automatic welding machine. Cables and hoses are also connected to it, but instead of a wire, a stream of plasma heated to 8000°C comes out of the nozzle.

How to make a plasma cutter with your own hands

The basics of plasma cutting are clear, the design of the plasma cutter is also clear, and you can begin assembling it. By the way, you don’t need special drawings for this.

So what will be needed.

We need to find a source of electricity. The simplest option is a welding transformer or inverter. For many reasons, an inverter is better. For example, it has a stable current value, without drops. It is more economical in terms of energy consumption

You will have to pay attention to the current that the welding machine produces. Its value should not be less than 250 amperes. Compressed air source

The compressor remains unchanged here. But which one? The main parameter is air pressure. You will need to pay attention to him. 2.0-2.5 atm. - it will be fine. The cutter can be purchased at the store. And this will be the ideal solution. If you have a cutter for argon welding, then it can be converted for plasma cutting. To do this, you will have to make an attachment from copper in the form of a nozzle, which is inserted into the argon welding cutter. A set of hoses and cables for connecting all parts of a homemade plasma cutter. Again, the kit can be purchased in the store as a single connecting element.

Here are the four elements with which a homemade plasma cutter is assembled.

Auxiliary elements and materials

What else should you pay attention to when assembling a plasma cutting machine with your own hands? As mentioned above, the main characteristic of a plasma cutter is the diameter of its hole

What size should it be to ensure maximum cutting quality? Experts believe that a diameter of 30 mm is the optimal size. Therefore, when buying a cutter in a store, you need to pay attention to whether it comes with a nozzle with such a hole.

In addition, it is necessary to select a nozzle with a significant length. It is this size that allows the jet of compressed air to gain the required speed. This results in a neat metal cut, and the cutting process itself is quick and easy. But you shouldn’t buy a very long nozzle. Such a device quickly collapses under the influence of high temperatures.

As for choosing an electrode for a plasma cutter, you need to pay attention to the alloy from which it is made. For example, if the alloy contains beryllium, then this is a radioactive substance

It is not recommended to work with such electrodes for a long time. If the alloy contains thorium, it releases toxic substances at high temperatures. An ideal electrode for plasma cutting, the alloy of which includes hafnium.

Search for literature, drawings, models and other materials

Message from SladJhon : Please help me find information, diagrams, sketches, drawings of cutting tables for thermal cutting machines. The boss gave the task to design (in order to save money) and produce it on our own. Searches on the net didn't lead to anything (((

When searching for “cutting table” did you really come up with nothing?Image ImageImageImage

If we take as an example an ordinary 12-meter table with a width of 2.5 m, then we will need to make approximately 12,000 pins (cutting will take approximately 12 hours per hour, this is provided that we spit on processing the ends). To produce such a number of pins at L = 200, we will need approximately 2.4 km of material, which will weigh approximately 4 tons, if we take the cheapest steel, it will cost us about 2000 euros, but if something is not too much autogenous, then it will cost about 10,000 euros. These pins must be welded onto at least three greasy potholders, otherwise they will fly off very quickly during operation. In order to replace the worn pins, we will need to stop the machine for almost a week. And so, to summarize: We get cyclical costs, taking into account lost profits, more than 15,000 euros. Two such cycles and you can buy a good ceramic table.

As for the option with bimmetal pins, I find it difficult to estimate how much it will cost, and even taking into account royalties, I think no less than the above-mentioned option. And in general, this is some kind of alchemy, but the author of the patent, I think, has only seen pictures of the thermal cutting machine and does not understand at all how it works. A powerful jet in which a high-temperature reaction of metal combustion with abundant oxidation occurs will cover these pins with a thick layer of very hard slag, which will harden before the pin begins to straighten and will not allow it to do so. Moreover, the sheet may lose stability when the pin is bent and move, which will lead to marriage.

Whatever you say, the most rational thing is to use strips, which are usually cut from waste.

SladJhon, if you have plasma cutting, you might want to take a closer look at cutting on the water surface. Advantages: 1. Emissions of gaseous cutting products into the atmosphere are reduced by an order of magnitude (many people completely abandon local exhaust ventilation) 2. There are no thermal deformations of table structural elements 3. Thermal deformations of cut parts are reduced 4. Simplified cleaning of the table from slag (slag in the form of granules, and not a solid sintered mass) 5. Greater durability of the cutting table strips. Disadvantages 1. B o

Higher metal consumption of the bathtub compared to a traditional table. 2. High-quality painting of the bathtub and caisson structures is required. 3. Inconvenient to work with wet parts. 4. In winter, it is necessary to maintain a positive temperature of the water in the bath.

PS I don't have any drawings. But I saw it at several shipyards.

igorni

, it would be more correct to call it not cutting on the surface of the water, but cutting under water. Since the sheet being processed will still be completely immersed under water, this is, in principle, what happens in the vast majority of cases. And underwater cutting can be not only plasma cutting, but also any other type of thermal cutting and, in principle, in all cases the technology is the same, with the exception of small subtleties.

As for point 1 (dignity), this is incorrect. The thermal cutting process is an intense oxidation reaction in a stream of oxygen or compressed air. Combustion products cannot be less than when cutting in the open air, and local exhaust cannot be avoided during intensive cutting conditions. All underwater thermal cutting machines must be equipped with a powerful combustion product removal system.

Underwater thermal cutting is an excellent option, but the significant drawback is the higher cost of the equipment and it’s not just the table. Equipment for underwater thermal cutting costs 2.5-3 times more. And productivity is lower by about 10%. But the quality of the parts is much higher, which leads to a significant reduction in the cost of subsequent processing of the parts.

Pavel Samofalov, since during underwater cutting, the operator cannot visually observe the cutting process, then for underwater cutting appropriately adapted machines are needed - with emergency disconnection devices and shutdown of the cutter in the event of a collision with parts/waste - devices for positioning and tracking the position of the cutter under water - plasma cutter with plasma arc initiation device under water

Recommendations for working with devices for beginners

A correctly selected apparatus and the mode required for welding will help to carry out work without cracks and the formation of cavities, even with a metal such as aluminum, which is quite capricious for carrying out this kind of work.

Plasma welding. Video. Inexperienced welders may experience excessive metal spatter during the welding process due to high steam pressure. It is better for novice welders to select equipment that has a large nozzle and the largest hole diameter for the job.

Thanks to this, the steam pressure will not be so high, and the torch will be able to simultaneously cover both edges of the parts, which will increase the likelihood of obtaining a high-quality seam.

Differences between direct and indirect devices

There are various types of devices that differ in operating principles. In direct acting equipment, the operation of an electric arc is assumed. It takes on a cylindrical shape and is directly connected to the gas stream. This equipment design makes it possible to provide a high arc temperature (up to 20,000°C) and a highly efficient cooling system for other components of the plasma cutter.

In indirect-acting devices, operation is assumed to be less efficient. This determines their lower distribution in production. The design feature of the equipment is that the active points of the circuit are placed on special tungsten electrodes or a pipe. They are used more often for heating and spraying, but are practically not used for cutting. Most often used in car repairs.

A common feature is the presence in the design of an air filter (extends the life of the electrode, ensures quick start-up of the equipment) and a cooler (creates conditions for long-term operation of the device without interruption). An excellent indicator is the ability of the device to operate continuously for 1 hour with a 20-minute break.

What is needed for a plasma cutter?

The easiest option to make a plasma cutter is to make the device yourself from an inverter. It is distinguished by a fairly simple design, operability and accessibility of the main parts.

Diagram of the plasma torch device.

Homemade plasma cutting equipment is not equipped with CNC. This fact can be attributed more to advantages than disadvantages. Of course, it will be almost impossible to make two absolutely identical products. On the other hand, there is no need to purchase one of the most expensive parts.

In addition, not every qualified specialist is able to independently make such a unit. Buying ready-made parts is practically the same as buying a new tool.

To assemble a plasma device, you will need the following elements:

• compressor for supplying gas under pressure;
• plasma cutter;
• inverter;
• protected electrical cable;
• hoses.

Compressors must be operated in compliance with a number of rules:

• operation in subzero temperatures requires preheating of the oil;
• The air filter should be changed regularly;
• it is necessary to control the oil level;
• Once every six months, a complete cleaning of foreign impurities should be carried out;
• Upon completion of work, the pressure in the system is released.

To assemble a plasma welding tool with your own hands, you can use a simple compressed air compressor. Air exchange is carried out through thin hoses with appropriate connectors. An electric valve is installed at the inlet to regulate the air supply.

The wire from the device to the burner of the device should be placed in the channel. It is better to place a large hose here so that the cable can fit in it. The passing air flow, in addition to its direct purpose, will also provide cooling of the wire.

The operation of a plasma welding cutter requires a current strength corresponding to the value generated by the inverter or transformer. In the second case, the installation will be cumbersome. The large weight of the transformer in combination with the cylinder or compressor will make the device immobile.

An important factor is the low efficiency of the transformer, which will result in high power consumption when cutting.

Plasma welding and cutting.

Using an inverter is much simpler, more convenient and more profitable in terms of electricity costs. As a result, using such a unit it is possible to ensure acceptable mobility of a tool capable of cutting metal up to thirty millimeters thick.

The plasma torch is the second most important element of this device. This unit has an extremely complex structure

In this regard, it is almost impossible to make it yourself, although drawings of such a part can be easily found on the Internet.

It is worth noting that the plasma torch operates under high pressure and temperature. If done wrong, it becomes dangerous. You can assemble such a part from ready-made elements sold in specialized stores.

Don't forget about the working gas. When manufacturing a plasma cutting device, you should determine its operating conditions. When processing ferrous metals, the use of one compressor will be sufficient. Copper, titanium and copper-based alloys will require nitrogen, and aluminum will require nitrogen and hydrogen.

What about interaction?

It’s surprising to listen to the statements of some craftsmen that Arduino is not suitable for CNC, especially since mach3 arduino symbiosis is impossible, supposedly they do not want to interact.

Others are sure otherwise: Arduino can be implemented for CNC using three options:

1. Completely autonomous controller.
2. The interpreter board is responsible for the movements, but they are calculated on the computer.
3. Translator board (adapter) - acts as a virtual LPT port.

Many users on the network who have problematic electronics ask for advice on a program so that machines controlled by one can work smoothly and smoothly. The milling machines on the machine are designed to process the workpiece evenly, following the signals of the program block.

A laser router, even one made by yourself, will demonstrate compliance with all movement parameters.

Average cost of equipment

Today, stores offer a large amount of equipment for manual cutting of metals, which are offered at various prices. Moreover, the cost of these devices will be influenced by several factors:

• Type of equipment;
• manufacturer;
• maximum thickness of the required cut;
• device model.

You can avoid mistakes at the stage of choosing a tool for cutting metals, provided that you visit several stores and compare the conditions under which they are willing to sell this equipment to you. When considering various models of plasma cutters, you should immediately inquire about the prices of components, which you cannot do without if you have to repair this equipment. On average, the prices of spare parts for plasma cutters, taking into account the thickness of the cut, are in the following range:

• With a thickness of no more than 30 mm – 150–300 thousand rubles;
• With a thickness of no more than 25 mm – 81–220 thousand rubles;
• With a thickness of no more than 17 mm – 45–270 thousand rubles;
• With a thickness of no more than 12 mm – 32–230 thousand rubles;
• With a thickness of no more than 10 mm – 25–20 thousand rubles;
• With a thickness of no more than 6 mm – 15–200 thousand rubles.

What to choose: transformer or inverter?

Due to the presence of features and parameters of plasma cutting devices, it is possible to divide them into types. Inverters and transformers have gained the most popularity. The cost of the device of each model will be determined by the declared power and operating cycles.

Inverters are lightweight, compact in size and consume minimal electricity. Disadvantages of the equipment include increased sensitivity to voltage changes. Not every inverter is able to function within the specific conditions of our electrical network. If the device’s protection system fails, you must contact a service center. Also, inverter plasma cutters have a rated power limitation of no more than 70 amperes and a short period of switching on the equipment at high current.

A transformer, traditionally, is considered more reliable than an inverter. Even with a noticeable drop in voltage, they lose only part of the power, but do not break. This property determines the higher cost. Plasma cutters based on a transformer can operate and be switched on for a longer period of time. Similar equipment is used in automatic CNC lines. The negative aspect of a transformer plasma cutter will be its significant weight, high energy consumption and size.

The maximum metal thickness that a plasma cutter can cut is from 50 to 55 millimeters. The average power of the equipment is 150 - 180 A.

Plasma cutter circuit and its operation

How to make a plasma cutter is well shown in some videos on the network. There you can also find important diagrams according to which the device is assembled. To read symbols, basic electrical engineering skills and the ability to understand symbols are required.

The plasma cutter circuit ensures that the device can actually perform the work. This happens as follows:

1. The plasma torch has a process start button. Pressing the button turns on the relay (P1), which supplies current to the control unit.
2. The second relay (P2) supplies current to the inverter, and at the same time connects the solenoid valve that purges the burner. The air flow dries the burner chamber and frees it from possible scale and debris.
3. After 3 seconds, the third relay (P3) is activated, powering the electrodes.
4. Simultaneously with the third relay, an oscillator is started, ionizing the air between the cathode and anode. An arc called a pilot arc is excited.
5. When the flame is brought to a product connected to ground, an arc is ignited between the plasma torch and the surface, called the working one.
6. The reed switch relay cuts off the supply of current that operates for ignition.
7. The material is being cut or welded. If contact with the surface is lost (the arc hits an already cut place), then the reed switch relay is activated again to ignite the pilot arc.
8. After turning off the button on the plasma torch, any type of arc goes out, and the fourth relay (P4) starts a short-term supply of purge air to remove burnt elements from the nozzle.

What are shields for?

The use of shields allows you to significantly expand the functionality of the router. Most often they are made to fit the board form factor. You can use several shields at the same time. The range of applications is very wide:

1. Ensuring independent operation from a computer.
2. Connecting peripheral devices.
3. Output information to peripheral devices directly from Arduino.
4. Simultaneous control of a large number of motors.
5. Storage and processing of voluminous information.
6. Connect to Wi-Fi.
7. Connecting mobile network antennas.
8. Playing music on Arduino, etc.

IMPORTANT . When connecting shields, you must be careful not to damage the Arduino board.

Plasma cutter assembly

Scheme of plasma welding with an open and closed plasma jet.

For a plasma torch, you need to select an electrode; it can be purchased from thorium, beryllium, zirconium or hafnium. Such materials are optimal for air plasma cutting. So-called refractory oxides appear on the surface of the electrodes during the cutting process; they prevent the electrode from being destroyed. When choosing, remember that some of these metals are dangerous for the welder. Beryllium causes the formation of radioactive oxides, and thorium causes toxic ones. It is best to use hafnium, it is absolutely safe for the operator.

When assembling, attention should be paid to the nozzle, with the help of which the cutting jet is formed. The jet characteristics, cutting time, and cutting width depend on the nozzle diameter.

It is best to use products with a diameter of 3 cm; its length should be significant to ensure a better and more accurate cut. However, you cannot take a nozzle that is too long; it quickly collapses.

A compressor is required to supply air to the structure. The operating features of the cutter suggest that gases will be used for protection and plasma formation, while the work is carried out at a current of 200 A, but no more. To operate the device, compressed air is used; it is necessary to cool the equipment during operation and to form plasma. This option allows you to cut workpieces whose thickness is 50 mm. For industrial equipment, compressed air is not used; oxygen, helium, hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, and their mixtures are used here.

A special cable-hose package is used to connect the power source, plasmatron and compressor. The assembly order is as follows:

1. An inverter (or transformer) is connected by an electrical cable to an electrode to create an arc.
2. Compressed air is supplied through the hose from the compressor, it forms a plasma jet inside the plasma torch.

Desktop

Plasma cutting of metal is used for processing sheet metal of fairly large sizes. The table should be large and height adjustable. For a homemade air plasma cutting machine, dimensions of 1300x1300 mm or slightly larger are sufficient. As a rule, larger sheets are not used in non-core workshops. But when building a machine with your own hands, the drawings can be changed to suit specific needs.

The platform is welded from a profile pipe (square) 80x80x4 mm or 10x10x4 mm. You can also use a rectangular profile, but a square is cheaper and easier to weld. The shape of the base is a regular table with four legs. Each leg must be equipped with a screw height adjustment system for precise leveling.

Working surface of the table - straight parallel slats

The guides are made from pipe with a diameter of 1 or 1.5 inches. They are equipped with rollers on bearings, which can be easily machined yourself from mild steel. A CNC plasma metal cutting machine will be highly productive only if feeding and moving workpieces does not cause difficulties.

Transformer based cutter

Like other components of the system, the power supply is assembled or modified with your own hands. Detailed instructions help you easily cope with this task.

Device diagram

The electrical circuit of the device includes the following components:

• welding transformer with rectifier;
• start relay;
• oscillator;
• a resistor that reduces the pilot arc voltage;
• start button;
• a contactor that deactivates the initial arc;
• compressor with controls.

A correctly compiled diagram should display all elements, regardless of their location.

What details will be needed

In addition to the welding inverter, to create the machine you will need:

1. Holder with replaceable rod. When the current is up to 100 A and the thickness of the workpiece is up to 5 cm, the element is made of copper. The holder of a more powerful unit is equipped with channels for liquid cooling. To ignite the arc, leave a distance of 2 mm between the nozzle and the electrode. The main rod is made movable.
2. PTFE insulator. Due to rapid wear, the part is replaceable.
3. Housing with nozzle.
4. Cables: power and for igniting the pilot arc.
5. Hoses. In liquid-cooled units, the bare wire is located in the tube that supplies water to the torch. You will also need a separate hose to remove gas to the nozzle.

We recommend reading Features of setting up the Chameleon welding helmet

Plasma cutter assembly

Work begins with remaking the welding transformer. The number of turns of the winding is selected taking into account the future characteristics of the equipment and the parts being cut.

With a sheet thickness of up to 1.2 cm, a current of 50 A and an open circuit voltage of 20 V, set the following values:

• core cross-section – 107 mm²;
• the number of turns of the primary winding is 225, the secondary is 205.

After remaking the transformer, other elements are connected:

1. Compressor with a capacity of 140-190 l per minute. The pressure generated by the unit must be more than 4.5 bar.
2. Cables and hoses for connecting components. The cross-section of the supply wire depends on the power of the plasma cutter. At a current of 50 A it is 6 mm². The wire cross-section for the pilot arc is 1.5 mm². The recommended diameter of the air hose is 1 cm.
3. Oscillator. When creating a plasma cutter from a transformer, you can use a car electronic ignition system as this block.

The air hose is connected to the compressor outlet. The start key wire is connected to the control unit.

Features of use

When working with a cutter from a transformer from a semi-automatic welding machine, carefully follow safety rules, which is explained by the influence of the following harmful factors:

1. Melt splash. Under the influence of plasma, the metal is heated to extreme temperatures. The air flow blows it out of the cut line. Splashing some materials will cause them to catch fire. Contact of the melt with human skin leads to deep burns. Therefore, the plasma jet is directed in the direction opposite to the welder and flammable materials.
2. Dust and air pollution with harmful gases. During plasma cutting, metal begins to burn. Smoke is dangerous to the human respiratory system. Therefore, a hood is installed above the desktop. The master puts on a respirator.
3. Bright light. The plasma torch is a powerful generator of ultraviolet radiation, which causes burns to the retina of the eye. Therefore, the carver puts on a protective mask and equips the work area with a mobile shield.
4. Temperatures. The edges of the resulting blanks retain heat for a long time. You can touch them only with gloves after the parts have cooled.

Guides and controls

A do-it-yourself CNC plasma cutter is practically no different from a factory cutter in terms of capabilities.
The cutting head must be able to move in three axes. You can make a mobile frame with your own hands without much effort. You will only have to buy stepper motors and shielded cables. Cable protection is necessary - the signal from the CNC is very sensitive and interference even from the inverter can affect the operation of the system. If the machine operates from a transformer, then cable protection is doubly necessary. The software unit is also susceptible to the influence of extraneous electrical fields; it is best to install it in a grounded metal box. The scheme is simple, but very effective.

You can buy motors, a power supply and other components for the coordinate system in online stores. The cost of an average quality set of 5 motors, a power supply and a controller (five-axis) is about 20 thousand rubles (at eBay prices). Compared to the cost of a factory machine, the price is minuscule.

Lead screws, limit switches and other accessories will also have to be purchased. Automotive Hall sensors can be used as limit switches. They are an order of magnitude cheaper than standard industrial ones, although in terms of reliability and efficiency they are at the same level.

You can mount control boards yourself if you have the skills to work with a soldering iron and some knowledge of electronics. But it will be cheaper and faster to use a factory assembly, for example AVR ATmega16 or analogues. They are quite affordable in price, and in terms of performance, they are quite appropriate on industrial-level machines.

The complexity of the control circuit and settings makes it appropriate to purchase a ready-made system. It is quite difficult to adapt it to a ready-made desktop and plasma cutter; it is better to do the opposite - first purchase a control system, and then develop and implement executing mechanisms. It will be justified in any case.