How to determine specific gravity in statistics. How to find specific gravity? How to find the share in different scientific fields

How to calculate the specific gravity or structure of a phenomenon?

Specific gravity and its calculation is one of the most frequently used indicators. Its calculation is used in statistics, organizational economics, financial business analysis, economic analysis, sociology and many other disciplines. In addition, the specific gravity indicator is used when writing analytical chapters of coursework and dissertations.

Weight on Jupiter: physics

The most common mistake is to assume that higher resolution instruments provide more accurate results. High resolution does not necessarily mean high level. Let's pretend for a moment that we approached Jupiter with our friend and two scales: a modern heavyweight and a more traditional two-handed weapon. If we climb onto both of the latter, each on a different plate, the balance hangs on the strongest one, as on Earth. Apparently, nothing has changed, but when we go up for the classic weigh-in, we realize that our weight on Jupiter is very different from that on Earth.

Initially, specific gravity is one of the methods of statistical analysis, or rather, even one of the varieties of relative values.

The relative size of the structure is the specific gravity. Sometimes the specific gravity is called the share of the phenomenon, i.e. This is the proportion of an element in the total volume of the population. The calculation of the share of an element or specific gravity (as you like) is most often carried out as a percentage.

The weight of a body is the value of the gravitational force acting on its mass. Mass depends only on the quality and quantity of the matter in question. So mass is the same wherever we are, and why a heavier object than another on earth is also on Jupiter. On the other hand, weight - under the influence of gravitational force - is a variable entity.

Weight = mass due to gravity. That's why we usually call "weight" the force with which the Earth attracts us. This is a phenomenon in which bodies attract each other with a force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them.

// Formula for calculating specific gravity

The formula itself can be presented in different interpretations, but its meaning is the same and the principle of calculation is the same.

Because the Earth is slightly fragmented at the poles, the distance between a point on the Earth's surface and the center of the Earth varies depending on whether it is at the equator or the poles. This is why the poles weigh more than the equator. Our weight on Jupiter is therefore 2.5 times higher than that of Earth.

A densimeter is an instrument that allows you to measure body density. The fundamental principle of the densitometer is Archimedes' theorem, which states that every body immersed in a liquid receives a vertical push from the bottom to a maximum equal to the intensity of the mass of the displaced liquid.

The structure of the phenomenon should always be equal to 100%, no more, no less; if adding the fractions of 100 does not work out, then do additional rounding, and the calculations themselves are best done with hundredths.

The structure of what you are calculating is not so important - the structure of assets, the share of income or expenses, the share of personnel by age, gender, length of service, education, the share of products, the structure of the population, the share of costs in the cost - the meaning of the calculation will be the same, we divide We multiply the part by the total by 100 and get the specific gravity. Don’t be afraid of different words in the text of the problem, the calculation principle is always the same.

There are two types of density meter: constant weight and constant volume. The former is more immediate to use, while the latter provides greater accuracy at the expense of convenience. The most commonly used densitometers, as well as those that come in brewing kits, are constant weight. The evolution of joint density should be able to estimate the progress of beer fermentation. At this point, simply read the value scale, which refers to the liquid level on the value scale printed directly on the density meters.

How can I do this to get the best possible fit? Regarding temperature, we need to adjust our measurement according to the actual temperature at which it is performed according to the parameters given in the table on the right. To solve the problem of foam due to the presence of carbon dioxide, which can change the correct gravity by up to 4 degrees, you can go to "thaw" or use the technical term "decarbonate", the beer is needed.

Example of specific gravity calculation

We check the sum of the shares ∑d = 15.56+32.22+45.56+6.67 = 100.01%, with this calculation there is a deviation from 100%, which means it is necessary to remove 0.01%. If we remove it from the 50 and older group, the adjusted share of this group will be 6.66%.

We enter the obtained data into the final calculation table

It is enough to have two cans of canned food that need to be discarded to release the carbon dioxide it contains; The procedure should be repeated approximately twenty times. Once these operations have been completed, it should be ready to measure with a densitometer and release the measurement without the formation of carbon dioxide and therefore as reliably as possible. It should be noted, however, that decarbonization is not a significant operation, since the error Out of 4 points is in any case positive, so it has the only possible effect of delaying the filling, which does not exclude the good performance of our beer.

All direct problems for determining specific gravity have this calculation principle.

Complex structure - there are situations when the source data presents a complex structure, several groupings are made within the phenomenon. The object is divided into groups, and each group, in turn, is not yet a subgroup.

A refractometer, unlike a density meter, is an optical measuring instrument that uses the refractive index of a substance to determine its density. The main advantage of a refractometer is that it can take measurements with only a drop of the substance being tested, which allows you to make multiple measurements without large leaks of beer. In addition to using the drop as a sample, it makes cooling the sample itself much easier.

Measurements made with a refractometer are performed on the Brix scale. The degree of Brix corresponds to 1 part solid in 99 parts solution. Below we show a sample glass of a refractometer sample and how the measurement scale shows. To make the measurement as accurate as possible, we must also take into account that the sample we will measure at the end of the fermentation contains alcohol, which affects the degree of refraction of the sample to be measured.

In such a situation, there are two ways to calculate:

– either we calculate all groups and subgroups according to a simple scheme, divide each number by the final data;

Read also: Timer 555 operating principle

Either we count groups from the general data, and subgroups from the value of the given group.

We use a simple structure calculation. We divide each group and subgroup by the total population. Using this method of calculation, we find out the share of each group and subgroup in the total population. When checking, you will only need to add up the groups - in this example, the urban and rural population in the total number, otherwise if you add up all the data, the sum of the shares will be 200%, and a double count will appear.

Instead, this is where things get complicated. You have made accounts without a host! The physical examination consists of assessing urine color, odor, foam, and turbidity. An important part of the physical examination is the determination of pH, density and osmolality. For a functional examination, urine volume must be measured over a precisely defined period of time.

Daily urine output is significantly affected by fluid intake and diet.

• Muscle burns muscle necrosis inflammation.
• Kidney disease Outbreaks of urinary problems.

Relative density of urine is the ratio of the density of urine and the density of water. The density of a sample relative to the density of water is a relative quantity and is therefore given as a dimensionless number.

We enter the calculation data into the table

Let's calculate the share of each group in the total population and the share of each subgroup in the group. The share of urban and rural population in the total population will remain the same as in the calculation above 65.33% and 34.67%.

Determination of urine density

The density of urine is indirectly determined by the concentration of cations using diagnostic strips. The stripe display zone contains a suitable polyelectrolyte as an ion exchanger and the acid-base indicator bromothymol blue. An acid-labeled acid indicator, labeled acid, which is in alkaline form, is released by acid. Acidification is accompanied by a change in the color of bromothymol blue. The disadvantage is that the screening does not take into account substances of a non-electrolyte nature, such as glucose, protein, urea, creatinine and some others.

But the calculation of the shares of men and women will change. Now we will need to calculate the proportion of men and women in relation to the size of the urban population or rural population.

That's all. Nothing complicated or difficult.

Good luck to everyone in their calculations!

Generally, the higher the urine volume, the lower the density and volume of the lower urine. From this rule, there are conditions under which osmotic diuresis occurs: for example, in diabetes mellitus, the volume of urine is larger with a higher specific gravity. Density determination allows estimation of renal concentration. Highly concentrated urine indicates a significant decrease in circulating plasma volume.

If concentrated urine is unable to concentrate, low-concentrated urine with low specific gravity is released; We are talking about hyposthenoria. The patient eliminates the same amount of solids with a higher water intake. Extremely dilute urine may be a sign of a renal concentration disorder such as diabetes insipidus or side effects of certain medications. The combination of hyposthenuria and polyuria indicates damage to the renal tubular system.

If something in the article is not clear, ask questions in the comments.

And if suddenly someone finds it difficult to solve problems, contact the group and we will help!

In the activities of any enterprise, specialists have to deal with a certain system of indicators. One of them is specific gravity. In economics, this is an indicator that reflects the weight of a particular financial phenomenon.

When comparing two variables, osmolality reflects the total substance concentration of all solutes, while density represents their total mass concentration. Therefore, in a simplified manner, osmolality will be more dependent on changes in the concentration of low molecular weight substances, while the presence of protein in urine will be more dependent on density.

Brain osmolality depends on the dilution and concentration capabilities of the kidneys. If the osmolality of the urine is approximately the same as the osmolality of the blood, it is isosomal urine. Hyperosmolar urine refers to urine with a higher osmolality than blood.

General definition

They serve as micromodels of various phenomena in the financial activities of both the state in general and the business entity in particular. They are subject to various fluctuations and changes in connection with the reflection of the dynamics and contradictions of all ongoing processes; they can both approach and move away from their main purpose - assessing and measuring the essence of a particular economic phenomenon. That is why the analyst must always remember the goals and objectives of the research conducted using indicators for assessing various aspects of enterprise activity.

Theoretically, we can imagine that the final urine arises from an isomolar glomerular filtrate to which the renal tubules are added, or, on the other hand, is resorbed into pure, so-called free-flowing water. Osmometers are used to accurately determine osmolality. They use dissolved particles to influence certain properties of the solution.

Reduce the hardening point of the solution; increase the boiling point of the solution; Reduce the solvent vapor pressure above the solution. The magnitude of the change in the above values ​​depends on the concentration of osmotically active substances in the measured solution, and osmometers record these changes with great accuracy. As a rule, a decrease in the pour point was found.

Among the many economic indicators compiled into a certain system, it is necessary to highlight the following:

• natural and cost, which depend on the selected meters;
• qualitative and quantitative;
• volumetric and specific.

It is the latter type of indicators that will be given special attention in this article.

Orientation by calculation from relative density

This calculation fails if the urine contains a high concentration of other substances that are physiologically present in a lower order, such as with severe glycosuria or ketonuria. If the urine contains protein or sugar, the relative density must first be corrected.

Kidney concentration test

Reduced kidney capacity is one of the first signs of kidney disease. We explore it as follows. This value indicates good bud concentration and, if successful, we do not continue with further research. The epinephrine test reflects the ability of the distal tubule and collecting duct to respond to adiuretin by producing concave urine. It is characterized by an enhanced antidiuretic effect, while other pharmacological effects are suppressed. The patient collects urine at four one-hour intervals and measures the osmolality of individual urine samples. If it exceeds the value shown in the table, it indicates good kidney concentration and the test is over. Along with urine, blood and serum osmolality are collected. From the urine and serum osmolality values, we calculate the osmotic index, which more accurately reflects the kidney concentration. First, we examine the osmolality in a morning urine sample. . Another possibility is to assess urine osmolality under varying fluid lengths, which is rarely performed today.

Share in the economy

It is a relative and derived indicator from its volumetric counterparts. The specific weight is usually considered to be output per employee, amount in days, level of costs per ruble of sales, etc. Relative indicators such as structure, dynamics, implementation of the plan and intensity of development are also widely used.

The concentrating ability of the kidneys is impaired mainly in diseases affecting the renal tubules and interstitium, when the countercurrent concentration gradient is disrupted. The diluting capacity of the kidneys can be examined after loading with distilled water. The test reflects the ability to produce urine with an osmolality significantly lower than serum osmolality.

Read also: Rewinding the armature of an angle grinder with your own hands video

The pH in glomerular filtrates is the same as in plasma. Passage through the renal tubular system results in acidification of urination.

• Bound to the anions present, e.g. phosphates.
• As ammonium cation, which is the most important system.

Dietary composition In a healthy person, urine pH is most dependent on the composition of the diet. Conversely, a diet rich in protein is accompanied by acidification. on acid-base balance. Under pathological conditions, urine pH reflects an imbalance of the acid base.

The share in the economy is the relative share of individual elements in the sum of all its components.

The amount of coordination, considered as a comparison of individual structural parts of a single whole, is considered to be an important relative indicator. An example is the comparison of debt and equity capital in the passive part of the balance sheet of a business entity.

Thus, the share in the economy is an indicator that has some meaning with its significance for analysis and control. However, like any relative indicator, it is characterized by certain limitations. Therefore, the share in the economy, the calculation formula for which is contained in any thematic textbook, should be considered in conjunction with other economic parameters. It is this approach that will allow us to objectively and comprehensively conduct research into the economic activities of business entities in a certain area.

Valuation of production assets

All production assets of the company are subject to evaluation and continuous accounting. In economic theory, there are 4 types of assessment of an enterprise’s production assets:

1. Initial assessment of production assets. It represents the total cost that a company needs to make to purchase active and passive assets, and also includes the cost of delivery or installation of fixed assets, if required. In some cases, this amount is spent not on the purchase, but on the individual production of active funds.
2. Restorative assessment of the company's production assets. This indicator represents the amount that was determined at the last assessment of all production assets of the company.
3. Assessment of depreciation of the company's production assets. This assessment is made by the difference between the initial assessment of production assets and the restoration one. The amount that turns out in the end represents depreciation or is also called residual value.
4. Assessing the liquidity of production assets. This assessment is made by the difference between the amount of sales of all worn-out production assets of the company and assets that are completely discontinued.

Calculation method

The answer to the question of how to find the share in the economy depends on what specific area needs to be considered. In any case, this is the ratio of a particular indicator to a general one. For example, the share of value added tax revenues in total tax revenues is calculated as the ratio of business entities to the total amount of revenues from all taxes. The share of tax revenues in the revenue part of the federal budget of the Russian Federation is calculated in a similar way, only tax revenues are taken directly as a private indicator, and the total amount of budget revenues for a specific period (for example, a year) is taken as a general indicator.

Production cost structure analysis

An analysis of the share of costs must be carried out to understand the structure of product costs and ways to reduce them. By reducing costs, the profit and profitability of the enterprise increases.

In various industrial sectors, the share of certain costs is different. Depending on which costs predominate, we can distinguish material-intensive, labor-intensive, energy-intensive industries and segments with a high weight of depreciation costs.

Material-intensive industries include, for example, food and light industries. In this case, the largest share of costs falls on raw materials and supplies for production. A reduction in the amount of raw materials used in production (due to rational savings) or its cost leads to a reduction in costs and an increase in the profit of the enterprise.

Labor-intensive industries include coal and mining. Here the main costs fall on the wage fund and social contributions. The profitability of production can be increased by optimizing the number of personnel.

Energy-intensive industries include metallurgical production. The most important factor in increasing the return on production is reducing energy consumption and reducing energy intensity.

Industries with a high share of depreciation costs are, for example, the oil and gas industry. If there is an increase in the share of depreciation in costs and in the cost of products, this indicates a decrease in capital productivity.

As a rule, the analysis of the share of costs is carried out in dynamics in relation to the previous period, or by comparing it with planned values ​​for the reporting period.

Share weight in any area is usually considered as a relationship between the particular and the whole. Accounting is no exception. Here the share of income and expenses is calculated. Each of these operations has its own specifics and features. Neglect of the recommended rules inevitably leads to calculation errors. Their consequences can vary, from tax penalties to more serious sanctions against the taxpayer.

The value of the “share” indicator in the overall assessment of the state’s economy

As mentioned above, the share in the economy characterizes its structure in various areas of activity. For example, the sectoral structure shows the degree of openness of the economy of any state. The higher the share of such basic industries as metallurgy and energy, the lower the state’s involvement in the division of labor at the international level, which characterizes the less openness of its economy as a whole.

Also the degree of openness of the economy as a share of exports in GDP (and this is also a relative indicator represented by the share). It is generally accepted that for countries with open economies the share of exports exceeds 30% of GDP, and for closed economies – up to 10%.

However, the considered share of exports in GDP is not the only indicator of the openness or closedness of the economy. Other indicators are also known. An example is the export or which are calculated by finding the ratio of the value of exports (imports) to GDP.

To summarize the above, it should be noted that the share of various indicators in the economic system is a kind of indicator of its successful functioning; based on the structure of its individual areas of activity, conclusions can be drawn about the openness or closedness of the economy. At the same time, an analysis of the structure of any economic sphere will make it possible to timely determine the factors that influence certain indicators.

How to calculate the specific weight of some indicator as a percentage of the total?

To assess the importance of this or that indicator, you need to calculate the specific gravity as a percentage . For example, in a budget you need to calculate the relative weight of each item in order to deal with the most important budget items first.

To calculate the specific weight of indicators, you need to divide the sum of each indicator by the total sum of all indicators and multiply by 100, that is: (indicator/sum)x100. We get the weight of each indicator as a percentage.

For example: (255/844)x100=30.21%, that is, the weight of this indicator is 30.21%.

The sum of all specific gravity should ultimately equal 100, so you can check the correctness of the calculation of the specific gravity as a percentage .

Let's consider the calculation of the share in percentage terms using the example of calculating the share of the average number of employees; for ease of writing, we will define this term by the abbreviation “SChR”.

The procedure for calculating the SCR is provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, clause 1, article 11.

To calculate the NPV for each individual division, head office and organization in full, you need to calculate the NPV for each month, then - the NPV for the reporting period.

The amount of NPV for each calendar day of the month, divided by the number of days of the month, will equal the NPV for the month.

The amount of NCR for each month of the reporting period, divided by the number of months of the reporting period, equals the NCR for the reporting period.

In accordance with clause 8-1.4 of the Rosstat instructions, the SSR is indicated only in full units. For young, newly formed separate units, the value of the NFR for the reporting period may be less than a whole number. Therefore, in order not to conflict with the tax authorities, for tax purposes it is proposed to apply mathematical rules when calculating the NFR - data, less than 0.5 should not be taken into account, more than 0.5 should be rounded to one.

The value of the NCR of a separate division/parent organization, divided by the value of the NCR for the organization as a whole for the reporting period, will be equal to the indicator of the specific weight of the NCR of each individual division and parent organization.

Specific gravity calculation is actively used in various fields. This indicator is used in economics, statistics, analysis of financial activities, sociology and other fields. We will tell you how to determine the specific gravity of a substance in this article. Sometimes this calculation is used in writing analytical sections of dissertations and term papers.

Specific gravity is a method of statistical analysis, one of the types of relative quantities. Less commonly, the indicator is called the share of the phenomenon, that is, the percentage of the element in the total volume of the population. Its calculations are usually carried out directly as a percentage using one or another formula, depending on what the specific gravity is being determined.

How to calculate the specific gravity of any substances or elements

Each thing or means has a certain set of characteristics. The main property of any substance is specific gravity, that is, the ratio of the mass of a particular object and the volume it occupies. We obtain this indicator based on the mechanical definition of substance (matter). Through it we move to the area of ​​qualitative definitions. The material is no longer perceived as an amorphous substance that tends to its center of gravity.

For example, all bodies of the solar system differ in their specific gravity, as they differ in their weight and volume. If we look at our planet and its shells (atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere), it turns out that they differ in their characteristics, including specific gravity. Likewise, chemical elements have their own weight, but in their case it is atomic.

What is body specific gravity?

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

— (g) the ratio
of the weight of a body
P to its volume V: V.v. can also be determined through the density r of the substance: where is the acceleration of gravity.

Interesting materials:

How to connect a printer to Google Cloud Print? How to connect a canon printer to a computer? How to set the default printer? How to connect the printer after refilling the cartridge? How to connect a Samsung Xpress m2070w printer? How to connect the Dandy I go console to the TV? How to connect a dexp set-top box to a Samsung TV? How to connect ps3 console to laptop? How to connect a Rostelecom set-top box? How to connect an Xbox console?

Share in the economy - formula

Many people mistakenly take the specific gravity of density, but these are two fundamentally different concepts. The first is not one of the physical and chemical characteristics and differs from the density indicator, for example, like weight from mass. The formula for calculating specific gravity looks like this: = mg / V. If density is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume, then the desired indicator can be calculated using the formula = g.

Read also: How to press in a silent block without an outer ring

Specific gravity is calculated in two ways:

• using volume and mass;
• experimentally, comparing pressure values. Here it is necessary to use the hydrostatic equation: P = Po + h. However, this method of calculating specific gravity is acceptable if all measured quantities are known. Based on the data obtained using the experimental method, we conclude that each substance that is in the vessels will have a different height and flow rate.

To calculate the specific gravity indicator, use another formula that we learned in school physics lessons. The Archimedes force, as we remember, is buoyant energy. For example, there is a load with a certain mass (we denote the load by the letter “m”), and it floats on the water. At the moment, the load is influenced by two forces - gravity and Archimedes. According to the formula, the Archimedes force looks like this: Fapx = gV. Since g is equal to the specific gravity of the liquid, we get another equation: Fapx = yV. It follows: y = Fapx / V.

Simply put, specific gravity is equal to weight divided by volume. Moreover, the formula can be presented in various interpretations. However, the content and calculation method will be the same. So, the specific gravity is equal to: divide a part of the whole by the whole and multiply by 100%. There are two important rules to remember when making calculations:

• The sum of all particles must always be equal to 100%. Otherwise, additional rounding should be done, and calculations should be carried out using hundredths.
• There is no fundamental difference in what exactly you are calculating: population size, organization income, manufactured products, balance sheet, debt, active capital, revenue - the calculation methodology will be the same: distributing the part by the total and multiplying by 100% = specific weight.

Examples of economic calculations of specific gravity

Let's give a clear example. The director of a wood processing plant wants to calculate the share of sales of a specific type of product - boards. He must know the sales value of a given product and the total volume. For example, a product is a board, beam, slab. Revenue from each type of product is 155 thousand, 30 thousand and 5 thousand rubles. The specific vaginal value is 81.6%, 15.8%, 26%. Consequently, the total revenue is 190 thousand, and the total share is 100%. To calculate the specific gravity of the board, divide 155 thousand by 190 thousand and multiply by 100. We get 816%.

Workers (personnel)

Calculating the proportion of workers is one of the most popular types of calculations when studying a group of workers. The study of qualitative and quantitative indicators of personnel is often used for statistical reporting of companies. Let's try to understand what options exist for calculating the proportion of personnel. The calculation of this indicator has the form of a relative value of the structure. Therefore, it is necessary to use the same formula: divide part of the whole (group of employees) by the whole (total number of employees) and multiply by 100%.

VAT deductions

To determine the share of tax deductions attributable to a certain amount of sales turnover, it is necessary to divide this number by the total amount of turnover and multiply the result by the amount of tax deductions attributable to the total amount of sales turnover. Specific gravity is calculated with an accuracy of at least four decimal places. And the amount of turnover is the number of the tax base and VAT calculated from this tax base, and the amount of decrease (increase) in the tax base.

On balance

The determination of balance sheet liquidity is based on a comparison of assets with liabilities for liabilities. Moreover, the first ones are distributed into groups according to their liquidity and placed in descending order of liquidity. And the latter are grouped in accordance with their maturity dates and arranged in ascending order of maturity. According to the degree of liquidity (the speed of transformation into cash equivalent), the organization’s assets are divided into:

• The most liquid assets (A1) are the entire set of cash items of the organization and short-term investments (securities). This group is calculated as follows: A1 = Money on the company’s balance sheet + Short-term investments.
• Operating assets (A2) – debt to debit, payments of which are expected within a year after the reporting date. Formula: A2 = Short-term accounts receivable.
• Slowly moving assets (A3) are components of the second asset of the balance sheet, including inventories, accounts receivable (with payments that will not be received earlier than in a year), VAT and other defensive assets. To get indicator A3 you need to sum up all the listed assets.
• Hard-to-sell assets (A4) are outside the current assets of the company’s balance sheet.

assets

To determine the specific indicator of any assets of an enterprise, you need to obtain the sum of all its assets. To do this, use the formula: A = B + C + D + E + F + G. Moreover, A is all the assets of the organization, its real estate, C is the total number of deposits, D is all machines and equipment; E – number of securities; F – cash available in the assets of the company; G-patents, company trademarks. Having the amount, you can find the share of a certain type of asset of the organization.

fixed assets

The share of various groups of fixed assets in the total value represents the structure of fixed assets. The share of fixed assets at the beginning of the year is calculated by dividing the value of fixed assets (on the balance sheet of the enterprise at the beginning of the year) by the amount of the balance sheet at the same point in time. First, you need to determine what the company's fixed assets are. This:

• real estate (workshops, industrial architectural and construction facilities, warehouses, laboratories, engineering and construction facilities, including tunnels, roads, overpasses, etc.);
• transmission devices (equipment for transporting gaseous, liquid substances and electricity, for example, gas networks, heating networks)
• machines and equipment (generators, steam engines, transformers, turbines, measuring instruments, various machines, laboratory equipment, computers and much more);
• vehicles (cars, motorcycles, passenger cars for transporting goods, trolleys)
• tools (except special tools and equipment)
• production means, inventory (racks, machines, work tables)
• household equipment (furniture, appliances);
• other fixed assets (museum and library materials).

expenses

When calculating the specific weight of expenses, parts of individual material or other (for example, raw materials) expenses are used. The calculation formula looks like this: expenses are divided by cost and multiplied by 100%. For example, the cost of production consists of the price of raw materials (150,000 rubles), employee salaries (100,000 rubles), energy costs (20,000 rubles) and rent (50,000 rubles). So, the cost is 320,000 rubles. And the share of expenses for salaries is 31% (100 / 320x100%), for raw materials - 47% (150 / 32x100%), for rent - 16% (50 / 320x100%), the balance - 6% falls on electrical costs.

Types of production costs

As a rule, for analysis, not the total costs of the enterprise are used, but individual groups of costs. The following cost groups are most often used in economic analysis:

Material costs - the cost of materials, semi-finished products and raw materials purchased externally, this also includes the cost of transportation services, customs duties;

Energy costs cost of electricity costs;

Labor costs - wages, compensation, benefits of the main production personnel of the enterprise;

Contributions for social needs;

Depreciation of fixed assets - the amount of deductions for the restoration of fixed assets;

Other expenses (for example, rent, loan payments).

How to automate calculations in Excel?

Specific gravity is determined by the ratio of the weight of matter (P) to the volume it occupies (V). For example, there are 85 students studying at the university, of which 11 passed the exam with “5”. How to calculate their share in an Excel table? You should set the percentage format in the cell with the result, then there will be no need to multiply by 100 - this, like conversion to percentages, happens automatically. We set in one cell (let's say R4C2) the values ​​85 in another (R4C3) - 11. In the resulting cell you should write the formula = R4C3 / R4C2.

Concept in physics

Specific gravity in physics is defined as the weight of a substance per unit volume. In the SI measurement system, this value is measured in N/m3. To understand how much 1 N/m3 is, it can be compared with the value of 0.102 kgf/m3.

where P is body weight in Newtons; V—body volume in cubic meters.

If we consider simple water as an example, we will notice that its density and specific gravity are almost the same and change very little with changes in pressure or temperature. Her y. V. equal to 1020 kgf/m3. The more salts are dissolved in this water, the greater the value of y. V. This figure for sea water is much greater than for fresh water, and is equal to 1150 - 1300 kgf/m3.

The scientist Archimedes once noticed a long time ago that a buoyant force acts on a body immersed in water. This force is equal to the amount of liquid that the body displaced. When a body weighs less than the volume of displaced fluid, it floats on the surface and goes to the bottom if the situation is the opposite.