Thermal conductivity and thermal conductivity coefficient. What it is.


Thermal conductivity.

So what is thermal conductivity? From a physics point of view, thermal conductivity

– this is the molecular transfer of heat between directly contacting bodies or particles of the same body with different temperatures, in which the energy of movement of structural particles (molecules, atoms, free electrons) is exchanged.

To put it simply, thermal conductivity

is the ability of a material to conduct heat. If there is a temperature difference inside the body, then thermal energy moves from the hotter part of the body to the colder part. Heat transfer occurs due to the transfer of energy when molecules of a substance collide. This happens until the temperature inside the body becomes the same. This process can occur in solid, liquid and gaseous substances.

In practice, for example in construction for the thermal insulation of buildings, another aspect of thermal conductivity is considered, associated with the transfer of thermal energy. Let's take "abstract house" as an example. In the “abstract house” there is a heater that maintains a constant temperature inside the house, say, 25 ° C. The temperature outside is also constant, for example, 0 °C. It is quite clear that if you turn off the heater, then after a while the house will also be 0 °C. All the heat (thermal energy) will go through the walls to the street.

To maintain the temperature in the house at 25 ° C, the heater must be constantly running. The heater constantly creates heat, which constantly escapes through the walls to the street.

Impurities in copper alloys

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Impurities contained in copper (and, naturally, interacting with it) are divided into three groups.

Forming solid solutions with copper

Such impurities include aluminum, antimony, nickel, iron, tin, zinc, etc. These additives significantly reduce electrical and thermal conductivity. The grades that are primarily used for the production of conductive elements include M0 and M1. If the copper alloy contains antimony, its hot pressure treatment becomes significantly more difficult.

Impurities that do not dissolve in copper

These include lead, bismuth, etc. Although they do not affect the electrical conductivity of the base metal, such impurities make it difficult to process by pressure.

Impurities that form brittle chemical compounds with copper

This group includes sulfur and oxygen, which reduces the electrical conductivity and strength of the base metal. The presence of sulfur in the copper alloy greatly facilitates its machinability by cutting.

Coefficient of thermal conductivity.

The amount of heat that passes through the walls (and according to science, the intensity of heat transfer due to thermal conductivity) depends on the temperature difference (in the house and outside), on the area of ​​the walls and the thermal conductivity of the material from which these walls are made.

To quantify thermal conductivity, there is a coefficient of thermal conductivity of materials . This coefficient reflects the property of a substance to conduct thermal energy. The higher the thermal conductivity coefficient of a material, the better it conducts heat. If we are going to insulate a house, then we need to choose materials with a small value of this coefficient. The smaller it is, the better. Nowadays, the most widely used materials for insulating buildings are mineral wool insulation and various foam plastics. A new material with improved thermal insulation properties – Neopor – is gaining popularity.

The thermal conductivity coefficient of materials is designated by the letter ? (Greek small letter lambda) and is expressed in W/(m2*K). This means that if we take a brick wall with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.67 W/(m2*K), a thickness of 1 meter and an area of ​​1 m2, then with a temperature difference of 1 degree, 0.67 watts of thermal energy will pass through the wall energy. If the temperature difference is 10 degrees, then 6.7 watts will pass. And if, with such a temperature difference, the wall is made 10 cm, then the heat loss will already be 67 watts. More details about the methodology for calculating heat loss in buildings can be found here.

It should be noted that the values ​​of the thermal conductivity coefficient of materials are indicated for a material thickness of 1 meter. To determine the thermal conductivity of a material for any other thickness, the thermal conductivity coefficient must be divided by the desired thickness, expressed in meters.

In building codes and calculations the concept of “thermal resistance of a material” is often used. This is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity. If, for example, the thermal conductivity of foam plastic 10 cm thick is 0.37 W/(m2*K), then its thermal resistance will be equal to 1/0.37 W/(m2*K) = 2.7 (m2*K)/ Tue

Melting point of bronze

The melting point of bronze ranges from 854 to 1135°C. Bronze AZHN11-6-6 has the highest melting point - it melts at a temperature of 1408 K (1135°C). The melting point of this bronze is even higher than the melting point of copper, which is 1084.6°C.

Bronzes with a low melting point include: BrOTs8-4, BrB2, BrMTsS8-20, BrSN60-2.5 and the like.
Melting point of bronze

Bronzet, °СBronzet, °С
BrA51056BrOS8-12940
BrA71040BrOSN10-2-31000
BrA101040BrOF10-1934
BrAZH9-41040BrOF4-0.251060
BrAZhMC10-3-1.51045BrOTs10-21015
BrAZHN10-4-41084BrOTs4-31045
BrAZHN11-6-61135BrOTs6-6-3967
BrAZhS7-1.5-1.51020BrOTs8-4854
BrAMTS9-21060BrOTsS3.5-6-5980
BrB2864BrOTsS4-4-17920
BrB2.5930BrOTsS4-4-2.5887
BrKMTs3-1970BrOTsS5-5-5955
BrKN1-31050BrOTsS8-4-31015
BrKS3-41020BrOTsS3-12-51000
BrKTs4-41000BrOTsSN3-7-5-1990
BrMG0.31076BrS30975
BrMC51007BrSN60-2.5885
BrMTsS8-20885BrSUN7-2950
BrO101020BrХ0.51073
BrOS10-10925BrTsr0.4965
BrOS10-5980Cadmium1040
BrOS12-7930Silver1082
BrOS5-25899HOT alloy1075

Note: The melting and boiling points of other common metals are given in this table.

  • Physical quantities. Directory. Ed. I.S. Grigorieva, E.Z. Meilikhova. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1991. - 1232 p.
  • Chirkin V.S. Thermophysical properties of nuclear technology materials. M.: Atomizdat, 1967 - 474 p.

Thermal conductivity coefficient of materials.

The table below shows the values ​​of the thermal conductivity coefficient for some materials used in construction.

MaterialCoeff. warm W/(m2*K)
Alabaster slabs0,470
Aluminum230,0
Asbestos (slate)0,350
Fibrous asbestos0,150
Asbestos cement1,760
Asbestos cement slabs0,350
Asphalt0,720
Asphalt in floors0,800
Bakelite0,230
Concrete on crushed stone1,300
Concrete on sand0,700
Porous concrete1,400
Solid concrete1,750
Thermal insulating concrete0,180
Bitumen0,470
Paper0,140
Light mineral wool0,045
Heavy mineral wool0,055
Cotton wool0,055
Vermiculite sheets0,100
Woolen felt0,045
Construction gypsum0,350
Alumina2,330
Gravel (filler)0,930
Granite, basalt3,500
Soil 10% water1,750
Soil 20% water2,100
Sandy soil1,160
The soil is dry0,400
Compacted soil1,050
Tar0,300
Wood - boards0,150
Wood - plywood0,150
Hardwood0,200
Chipboard0,200
Duralumin160,0
Reinforced concrete1,700
Wood ash0,150
Limestone1,700
Lime-sand mortar0,870
Iporka (foamed resin)0,038
Stone1,400
Multilayer construction cardboard0,130
Foamed rubber0,030
Natural rubber0,042
Fluorinated rubber0,055
Expanded clay concrete0,200
Silica brick0,150
Hollow brick0,440
Silicate brick0,810
Solid brick0,670
Slag brick0,580
Siliceous slabs0,070
Brass110,0
Ice 0°C2,210
Ice -20°С2,440
Linden, birch, maple, oak (15% humidity)0,150
Copper380,0
Mipora0,085
Sawdust - backfill0,095
Dry sawdust0,065
PVC0,190
Foam concrete0,300
Polystyrene foam PS-10,037
Polyfoam PS-40,040
Polystyrene foam PVC-10,050
Foam resopen FRP0,045
Expanded polystyrene PS-B0,040
Expanded polystyrene PS-BS0,040
Polyurethane foam sheets0,035
Polyurethane foam panels0,025
Lightweight foam glass0,060
Heavy foam glass0,080
Glassine0,170
Perlite0,050
Perlite-cement slabs0,080
Sand 0% moisture0,330
Sand 10% moisture0,970
Sand 20% humidity1,330
Burnt sandstone1,500
Facing tiles1,050
Thermal insulation tile PMTB-20,036
Polystyrene0,082
Foam rubber0,040
Portland cement mortar0,470
Cork board0,043
Cork sheets are lightweight0,035
Cork sheets are heavy0,050
Rubber0,150
Ruberoid0,170
Slate2,100
Snow1,500
Scots pine, spruce, fir (450…550 kg/cub.m, 15% humidity)0,150
Resinous pine (600…750 kg/cub.m, 15% humidity)0,230
Steel52,0
Glass1,150
Glass wool0,050
Fiberglass0,036
Fiberglass0,300
Wood shavings - stuffing0,120
Teflon0,250
Paper roofing felt0,230
Cement boards1,920
Cement-sand mortar1,200
Cast iron56,0
Granulated slag0,150
Boiler slag0,290
Cinder concrete0,600
Dry plaster0,210
Cement plaster0,900
Ebonite0,160

Effect of carbon concentration

The carbon concentration in steel affects the amount of heat transfer:

  1. Low carbon steels have a high conductivity index. That is why they are used in the manufacture of pipes, which are then used to create the heating system pipeline. The coefficient value varies from 54 to 47 W/(m* K).
  2. The average coefficient for common carbon steels is a value from 50 to 90 W/(m* K). That is why such material is used in the manufacture of parts for various mechanisms.
  3. For metals that do not contain various impurities, the coefficient is 64 W/(m* K). This value does not change significantly under thermal influence.

Thus, the considered indicator for alloyed alloys may vary depending on the operating temperature.

Application area

Ceramics made on the basis of aluminum nitride ALN have a fairly wide range of applications and will allow you to effectively solve problems, regardless of the level of complexity:

– blank for ceramic printed circuit boards requiring high reliability indicators;

– production of substrates for semiconductors; – as a heat-absorbing element in LED circuits and high-power electronic devices; – base for high-frequency resistors and as housings for various circuits; – substrate for laser diodes, semiconductor crystals; – for the manufacture of sensors and other devices operated in the most difficult conditions, etc.

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Characteristics

PropertiesMaterial
AlN-170AlN-200AlN-230
Colorgreygreygrey
Bulk Densityg/cm33,303,283,25
Ground surface roughness (Ra)µm0,3-0,50,3-0,50,3-0,5
Polished surface roughness (Ra)µm
Mechanical characteristics
Flexural strengthMPa450250200
Elastic modulusGPa320320
Hardnesskg/mm ​​21111
physical characteristics
Coefficient of thermal expansion (40-800°C)10 -6 /°C5,45,49,0
Thermal conductivity (25°C)W/m∙°K180200230
Specific heatJ/Kg∙°K720720750
Dielectric constant (1 MHz)9,09,09,8
Dielectric loss (1MHz, 25°C)10 -4333
Technological characteristics
DBC technology
(Cu 127 – 450 µm, protective coatings)
Thick film technology
(Ag, Au, Ag-Pd, Ag-Pd-Pt, Ni – 12-100 microns)
Thin film technology
(guides on request)
Distance between scribing lines, mm2,00 ± 0,05
Minimum hole diameter, mm0,20 ± 0,05

General conclusions

As we can see, the thermal conductivity of warm ceramics is an extremely important parameter. However, in addition to this, other factors should be taken into account when choosing, including the climatic conditions of the region and the absence or presence of additional insulation or finishing with facing bricks. In general, all ceramic blocks are suitable for central Russia. However, if you do not want to use additional thermal insulation, then it makes sense to buy blocks with a thickness of 440mm or 510mm, or some varieties of 380mm blocks. If the future installation of an additional “thermal coat” does not bother you, then it is quite possible to get by with blocks for wall thicknesses of 250 mm and 380 mm, provided that you provide additional thermal insulation in the form of mineral wool or polystyrene foam, and decorative plaster. The advantage of this option is that a thinner foundation will be enough for you, which will reduce the costs and time of its construction.

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